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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Nov 27.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Public Health. 2024 Oct 15;9(11):e841–e851. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00192-0

Figure 2: Population attributable fraction for incarceration and other tuberculosis risk factors.

Figure 2:

Median estimates and uncertainty intervals for the percent of population-level incident tuberculosis cases in 2019 that can be attributed to each risk factor. The crude estimate of the population attributable fraction for incarceration is based on the percent of all notified tuberculosis cases that occurred in prisons. Estimates for all other risk factors are from WHO. Risk factors are listed in descending order by PAF for each country. Estimates correspond to different age groups: incarceration for age ≥15 years; undernutrition for all ages; HIV for all ages; alcohol for age ≥15 years; smoking for age ≥15 years; and diabetes for age ≥18 years. PAF=population attributable fraction.