Table 1.
Summary of the polyethersulfone mixed matrix membranes of various modifications
| No | Modification technique | Nanofiller | Antibacterial properties | Fouling | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Blending nanoparticles with polymer | Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)–halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)–reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite (AgNPs–HNTs–rGO) | Ideal bacteriostasis rate against E. coli even after six months of storage | Flux decline caused by BSA less significant, chemical cleaning effectively recovers the membrane | Zhao et al. (2015) |
| 2 | Incorporation via phase inversion technique | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) coated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | Long term antibacterial activity nanocomposite membranes against E. coli and S. aureus, higher inhibition towards E.coli | Low fouling self-cleaning properties | Al Aani et al. (2017) |
| 3 | Incorporation via phase inversion technique | Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | Maximum reduction of E.coli (66%) for membrane containing 1.5% of AgNPs | Self-cleaning properties | Rana et al. (2017) |
| 4 | Blending of functional nanocomposites with polymer | Ag-polydopamine (Ag-PDA) particles | Less E. coli attachment into membrane surface | No fouling, > 99% dye rejection | Maganto et al. (2021) |
| 5 | Blending with polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone | Zwitterionic graphene oxide (GO-Arg) nanostructures | Almost complete E. coli inhibition after 24 h | Reversible fouling higher for modified GO-embedded membranes, irreversible fouling higher for PES and PES/PVP membranes | Espinoza Castellanos et al. (2024) |
| 6 | Non-solvent induced phase separation method | ZIF-8 (metal–organic framework obtained by mixing Zn(NO3)2·6H2O with C4H6N2 and TiO2) | - | 27.8% of total BSA fouling rate due to higher hydrophilicity of membrane | Zhang et al. (2024) |
| 7 | Embedded into membrane via phase inversion process | Ti3SiC2 and Ag-modified Ti3SiC2, polyvinyl alcohol | - | The highest antifouling performance (BSA) for 0.75 wt% Ag-Ti3SiC2 | Tizhoush et al. (2024) |
| 8 | Non-solvent induced phase separation technique | Triethylene glycol (TEG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) | - | Improved antifouling performance of the membrane towards oil droplets from refinery and textile industrial wastewaters | Mokarizadeh and Raisi (2021) |
| 9 | Phase inversion method | Al2O3 and PEG | - | Superior antifouling properties for PEG400 additive less than 2 wt% due to higher hydrophilicity of membrane | Garcia-Ivars et al. (2014) |