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. 2024 Oct 15;8(11):104475. doi: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104475

TABLE 2.

Dietary intake and dietary reference intake adherence in NCAA Division I cross country student-athletes during a competitive season.

Nutrients Combined Females Males Combined Females Males
Energy and macronutrients Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD %DRI adherence %DRI adherence %DRI adherence
 Energy intake, kcal 2450 ± 490 2270 ± 467 2620 ± 463 -- -- --
 Carbohydrates, g/d 300 ± 63.8 287 ± 68.5 312 ± 57.3 100 100 100
 Carbohydrates, %kcal1 49.1 ± 4.92 50.5 ± 5.59 47.7 ± 3.87 82 86 79
 Protein, g/d 113 ± 27.9 107 ± 29.3 120 ± 25.6 100 100 100
 Protein, %kcal1 18.6 ± 2.69 18.7 ± 2.81 18.4 ± 2.66 100 100 100
 Fat, g/d 91.5 ± 22.9 82.4 ± 19.7 100 ± 22.9∗ -- -- --
 Fat, %kcal1 33.6 ± 4.29 32.8 ± 5.06 34.4 ± 3.37 60 57 64
 Linoleic acid, g/d2 17.7 ± 4.42 15.7 ± 2.78 19.6 ± 5.00∗ 82 100 64
 Linoleic acid, %kcal1 6.53 ± 1.10 6.32 ± 0.774 6.74 ± 1.35 96 100 92
 α-Linolenic acid, g/d2 1.64 ± 0.537 1.64 ± 0.608 1.65 ± 0.479 71 93 50
 α-Linolenic acid, %kcal1 0.624 ± 0.243 0.683 ± 0.312 0.565 ± 0.131 43 36 50
 Cholesterol, mg/d 359 ± 142 314 ± 117 405 ± 154 -- -- --
 Fiber, g/d2 25.3 ± 8.77 29.6 ± 9.19 21.0 ± 5.96∗ 29 57 0
Vitamins Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD %DRI adherence %DRI adherence %DRI adherence
 Vitamin A, μg/d3 941 ± 353 1130 ± 310 755 ± 297∗ 64 93 36
 Thiamin, mg/d 2.89 ± 1.53 3.52 ± 1.94 2.26 ± 0.510 100 100 100
 Riboflavin, mg/d 2.68 ± 0.794 2.99 ± 0.800 2.38 ± 0.686∗ 96 100 93
 Niacin, mg/d4 47.6 ± 12.0 43.3 ± 12.0 51.8 ± 10.8 100 100 100
 Vitamin B6, mg/d 3.65 ± 1.02 3.67 ± 1.14 3.64 ± 0.917 100 100 100
 Folate, μg/d5 830 ± 326 962 ± 384 697 ± 187∗ 96 93 100
 Vitamin B12, μg/d 8.34 ± 2.41 7.79 ± 2.41 8.88 ± 2.36 100 100 100
 Vitamin C, mg/d 102 ± 60.3 128 ± 68.5 77.3 ± 38.8∗ 50 64 36
 Vitamin D, μg/d6 5.03 ± 2.57 5.14 ± 1.78 4.91 ± 3.24 0 0 0
 Vitamin E, mg/d7 13.1 ± 5.60 15.3 ± 6.30 11.0 ± 3.97∗ 36 50 21
 Vitamin K, μg/d2 174 ± 105 200 ± 105 148 ± 102 68 86 50
 Choline, mg/d2 412 ± 122 398 ± 101 425 ± 143 29 36 21
Minerals mean ± SD mean ± SD mean ± SD %DRI adherence %DRI adherence %DRI adherence
 Calcium, mg/d 1120 ± 313 1220 ± 307 1010 ± 296 57 79 36
 Copper, μg/d 1670 ± 584 1940 ± 617 1400 ± 410∗ 89 93 86
 Iron, mg/d 20.0 ± 5.41 20.1 ± 5.77 20.0 ± 5.23 86 71 100
 Magnesium, mg/d 419 ± 127 467 ± 136 371 ± 99.8∗ 60 79 43
 Phosphorus, mg/d 1790 ± 433 1820 ± 457 1760 ± 422 100 100 100
 Potassium, mg/d2 3130 ± 717 3230 ± 688 3020 ± 757 57 79 36
 Selenium, μg/d 144 ± 33.3 129 ± 29.2 159 ± 30.9∗ 100 100 100
 Sodium, mg/d2 4070 ± 946 3680 ± 583 4470 ± 1090∗ 100 100 100
 Zinc, mg/d 15.7 ± 4.34 15.9 ± 5.23 15.6 ± 3.42 96 100 93

Samples sizes are n = 14 for females and n =14 for males.

Abbreviations: AI, Adequate Intake Level; AMDR, Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range; DRI, Dietary Reference Intake; NCAA, National Collegiate Athletic Association; RDA, Recommended Daily Allowance.

DRI adherence was assessed by the RDA, except

1

indicates by AMDR

2

indicates by AI.

3

As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 μg retinol, 12 μg β-carotene, 24 μg α-carotene, or 24 μg β-cryptoxanthin.

4

As niacin equivalents (NEs). 1 mg niacin = 60 mg tryptophan.

5

As dietary folate equivalents (DFEs). 1 DFE = 1 μg food folate = 0.6 μg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 μg of a supplement consume on an empty stomach.

6

As cholecalciferol. 1 μg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D. The RDA for vitamin D is assessed under the assumption of minimal sunlight exposure.

7

As α-tocopherol.

∗

Indicates a sex difference (P < 0.05). Sex differences were assessed by unpaired t-tests on normally distributed data. Data were log-transformed to create a normal distribution (protein, %kcal; linoleic acid, g/d; vitamin E; vitamin K, folate). Mann-Whitney tests were used when log transformation did not create a normal distribution (α-linolenic acid, %kcal; thiamin). Data are presented as untransformed means ± SDs.