Table 4.

Morphological comparisons of Gongronella species.

Species	Colonies	Sporangiophores	Sporangia	Columellae	Apophyses	Sporangiospores	Giant cell	Reference
G.abortosporangia	PDA: dark 25 °C 7 d 24.6–26.2 mm diam., white, regular at edge and cottony in the centre, in reverse milky white	unbranched or branched 1–6 times, 4.0–96.8 × 1.0–4.2 μm, mostly aseptate, partially 1-septate, rarely 2-septate, occasionally containing a line of oil droplets	Aborted: mostly gourd-shape, 11.6–16.7 × 5.5–17.7 μm, partially elliptical with slight shrinkage, 12.5–18.0 × 6.7–10.6, occasionally clavate, 20.1–22.7 × 9.5–10.4 μm; Fertile: 7.0–23.2 μm diam	mostly hemispherical, 2.5–4.2 × 3.6–7.4 μm, sometimes sub-hemispherical, 1.3–3.9 × 3.6–5.5 μm	mostly cup-shaped, 1.9–8.6 × 2.1–6.7 μm, partially hemispherical, 2.7–5.5 × 2.8–7.4 μm, occasionally pear-shaped, 8.2 × 7.2 μm	ovoid, 2.6–3.5 × 1.7–2.1 μm, reniform, 2.9–3.5 × 1.7–2.3 μm	intercalary, globular, subglobular, 2.6–4.6 μm diam.	This study
G.apophysata	PDA: dark 25 °C 7 d 17.9–21.2 mm in diam., white, irregular at edge and cottony in centre, in reverse milky white	unbranched or branched 1–2 times, 11.2–190.9 × 1.6–3.9 μm, mostly aseptate or 1-septate, occasionally 2-septate	Aborted: gourd-shape, 14.0 × 8.3 μm; Fertile: spherical, 12.5–40.5 μm diam.	elliptic, 2.6–4.0 × 2.1–5.5 μm, sub-hemispherical, 1.4–2.7 × 2.2–4.3 μm	mostly ellipsoidal to olivary, 2.3–17.3 × 2.4–10.0 μm, partially subglobose, 4.6–10.2 × 4.3–10.0 μm, occasionally gourd-shaped, 11.4 × 4.9 μm	mostly reniform, 3.2–5.5 × 1.7–3.1 μm, ovoid, 2.5–3.7 × 1.7–2.6 μm, occasionally sub-orbicular, 1.7–2.5 μm	intercalary, globular, 4.4–10.5 μm diam.	This study
G.bawanglingensis	PDA: dark 25 °C 7 d 22.8–24.4 mm diam., white, cottony in centre, in reverse milky white	unbranched or sympodially branched 1–3 times, 1.3–4.5 μm wide, mostly aseptate or 1-septate, occasionally up to 4-septate	Aborted: mostly gourd-shaped; Fertile: spherical, 4.2–18.5 μm diam.	mostly hemispherical, 1.6–5.1 × 2.1–7.2 μm, some arch-shaped, 1.4–3.7 × 2.6–8.8 μm, spherical, 2.3–6.1 × 2.5–8.1 μm	oval-shaped, 3.9–20.6 × 3.3–12.9 μm, subglobose-shaped, 4.8–12.2 × 4.7–12.3 μm, occasionally gourd-shaped	mostly ovoid, 2.5–3.6 × 1.7–2.6 μm, reniform, 2.6–3.3 × 1.9–2.2 μm	intercalary, globular, 3.2–6.9 μm diam.	This study
G.brasiliensis	MEA: 25 °C 7 d 1.0–2.0 mm high 60.0 mm diam., white, cottony, irregular at edge, reverse cream to buff	26.5–320.0 × 2.5–5.0 µm, solitary, arising from stolons or in whorls of two, often with a single branch, 1- or 2-septate below apophyses	Aborted: globose, 5.0–17.0 µm diam.; Fertile: globose, subglobose, 9.5–30.0 μm diam.	globose, subglobose, (3.0–)4.0–8.0(–9.0) μm, conical-cylindrical, 1.5–2.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm, some very small, up to 1 μm diam.	globose, (3.0–)4.0–5.0(–6.0) μm diam., vase-shaped, (3.0–)4.0 × 12.0(–14.5) μm, ellipsoidal, 5.0–10.0(–12.0) × 3.0–7.0(–8.5) μm	reniform, 1.5–4.0 × 1.5–2.5 μm, ellipsoid to fusiform, 2.0–6.5 × 1.5–3.0 μm, ellipsoid with a flattened end, 2.5–7.5 × 1.5–4.0 μm	globose, subglobose, ovoid, some hypha-like, irregularly swollen, up to 48.0 μm diam.	Tibpromma et al. (2017)
G.butleri	White turf	simply or irregularly branched, 2.1–3.1 μm wide, always 1-septate	Fertile: globose, 16.5–22.7 μm		swollen, oval-shaped, 7.0–10 × 8.0–8.7 μm	oval to flattened on one side to reniform, 2.5–7.2 × 1.7–4.7 μm		Ribaldi (1952), Babu et al. (2015)
G.chlamydospora	PDA: 27 °C 11 d 90.0 mm diam., floccose, at first white, then drab grey	unbranched or simply branched, hyaline, slightly constricted at top	Fertile: globose, 8.5–17.0 μm diam.	ovoid to depressed subglobose, 3.0–5.5 × 3.5–6.5 μm	urn-shaped to subglobose, 6.0–12.0 × 6.0–10.0 μm	ellipsoid, reniform or irregular, 2.0–3.0 × 1.0–2.0 μm		Zhao et al. (2023)
G.eborensis	PDA: 25 °C 5 d 28.0–32.0 mm diam.	46.0–94.0 × 1.5–3.0 µm, irregularly or simply branched, always 1-septate under apophyses	Fertile: globose to subglobose, 7.5–16.0 × 7.0–13.0 µm	hemispherical to subglobose, 11.5–5.5 × 8.2–3.2 µm	globose to subglobose, 3.5–6.5 × 3.0–7.0 µm	reniform to fusiform-elliptical, 2.6–3.8 × 1.2–1.6 µm		Martins et al. (2020)
G.guangdongensis	PDA: 25 °C 13 d 1–2 mm high, 50.0 mm diam., white or pale, irregular at edge; in reverse buff to honey	irregularly or simply branched, 28.0–100.0 × 2.0–2.5 μm, always 1-septate	Aborted: sometimes present; Fertile: always globose, 14.0–21.5 μm diam.	hemispherical, spherical or ovoid, 2.5–12.0 × 2.0–12.0 μm	hemispherical, 5.5–9.0 μm in diam.	globose, 2.0–3.0 μm in diam.		Adamcik et al. (2015)
G.hydei	PDA: 25 °C 7 d 60.0–65.0 mm diam., circular, entire at edge, flat or effuse, dense, white;	up to 120.0 µm long, 1.6–3.2 µm wide, mostly unbranched, occasionally branched, mostly 1-septate	Fertile: globose to subglobose, 10.5–18.8 × 10.0–17.5 µm	hemispherical, sometimes tiny, 1.7–4.7 × 2.2–6.3 µm	cuboid-shaped with truncate at the base, 2.5–3.9 × 3.5–5.1 µm; cup-shaped rounded at the base, 2.7–6.2 × 3.8–7.8 µm; cup-shaped truncate at the base, 3.7–7.3 × 3.8–7.3 µm	reniform, 2.4–3.8 × 1.5–2.3 µm, ellipsoidal to fusiform, 2.6–3.4 × 1.8–3.4 µm	globose, guttulate, up to 25.0 µm diam.	Doilom et al. (2020)
G.inconstans	PDA: dark 25 °C 7 d 15.6–18.4 mm diam., white, regular at edge, cottony, in reverse milky white	unbranched or branched 2–3 times, 1.7–3.9 μm wide, mostly aseptate	Aborted: existence; Fertile: spherical, 8.8–21.4 μm diam.	mostly hemispherical, 1.2–2.4 × 2.0–3.9 μm, sometimes spherical, 3.2–7.2 × 3.4–7.2 μm	variously shaped, mostly long fusiform, 7.6–17.4 × 4.7–5.4 μm, sometimes oval-shaped, 5.5–8.8 × 4.4–6.3 μm, rarely egg-shaped, 5.0–6.4 × 4.2–5.7 μm	ovoid, 2.7–4.9 × 1.8–3.5 μm, reniform, 3.1–4.1 × 2.0–4.5 μm, some subcircular, 2.4–4.1 μm, occasionally irregular, 5.0–8.0 × 2.5–3.2 μm	intercalary, globular, 4.2–8.0 μm diam.	This study
G.koreana	PDA: 25 °C 7 d 31.5–33.0 mm diam., light white at first, cotton white with age, reverse from light-coloured to white	2.5–2.8 μm wide, mostly branched, 1-septate	Fertile: globose, 12.3–15.5 × 12.4–15.6 μm diam.	hemispherical, 1.2–2.3 × 2.6–3.3 μm	typically pyriform, 5.4–6.5 × 5.9–7.1 μm	mostly bean-shaped, 1.7–2.1 × 2.1–2.8 μm		Ariyawansa et al. (2015)
G.lacrispora	25 °C 13 d 50.0 mm in diam., 1–3 mm high, thickly floccose to felty, irregular at edge, at first white, then grey or pale grey, later pale wine colour	up to 6.5 μm wide, rarely septate	Aborted: sometimes present; Fertile: typically perfectly globose, 13.0–41.0 μm diam	dorsiventrally flattened to spherical, 2.5–13.0 × 4.5–20.0 μm	hemispherical, 4.0–8.6 μm. in diam.	lacrymoid to narrowly napiform, 2.8-4.5 × 5.5-9.0 μm	intercalary, globose to irregular, often with vacuoles or oil droplets, 20.0-37.0 × 60.0 μm	Hesseltine and Ellis (1961)
G.multiramosa	PDA: dark 25 °C 7 d 21.6–25.6 mm diam., white, regular at edge, cottony in centre, reverse milky white	unbranched or sympodially branched up to 7 times, 4.7–128.4 × 2.6–3.9 µm, usually 1-septate, occasionally containing a line of oil droplets	Aborted: ovoid, 9.6 × 6.2 µm diam.; Fertile: spherical, 15.5–23.2 µm diam.;	mostly hemispherical, 3.6–5.7 × 8.0–9.8 µm, sometimes sub-hemispherical, 3.0; –3.9 × 7.6–10.0 µm	mostly hemispherical, 4.4–5.6 × 8.5–9.0 µm, partially cup-shaped,4.6–7.0 × 8.5–10.0 µm	subspherical, 1.7–2.6 µm, ovoid, 2.6–3.3 × 1.7–2.3 µm, few reniform, 2.7–3.4 × 1.3–1.9 µm	globular, sub-spherical, 3.0–6.7 µm diam.	Wang et al. (2023a)
G.multispora	PDA: 27 °C 10 d 80.0 mm diam., 10.0 mm high, from white to yellowish, in reverse crusty, yellow	unbranched or sympodially branched, 2–3 in whorls and swollen on the base, 1 to several septate	Fertile: globose, 12.0–17.0 μm diam.	hemispherical, 2.0–4.5 × 2.0–4.0 μm	pyriform to subglobose, 8.0–12.0 × 7.0–9.5 μm	ellipsoid, fusiform, cylindrical, reniform subglobose to globose or irregular, 2.5–3.5 × 1.5–2.5 μm		Zhao et al. (2023)
G.namwonensis	MEA:25 °C 7 d 55.0 mm diam. (28 °C 5 d 90.0 mm diam), white, in reverse cream	simply or sympodially or monopodially branched, up to 1 mm long and 5.0 μm wide, in whorls of 2 or 3 times, mostly 1-septate	Aborted: sometimes formed; Fertile: globose, up to 30.0 µm diam.	globose, subglobose, 3.5–7.0 µm diam., hemispherical,; 1.8–5.5 × 2.5–8.5 µm, nipple-like, ellipsoidal, 2.0–3.8 × 2.0–5.0 µm	globose (2.5–)5.0–9.5(–12.0); µm, subglobose and ellipsoid, some with a truncated base,; 7.5–14.5 × 5.5–12.0 µm	reniform, ellipsoidal, some ovoid, 2.5–3.5 × 1.7–2.5 µm, rarely irregular, up to 6 × 2.5 µm	globose, subglobose and branched	Crous et al. (2020)
G.oleae	PDA: dark 25 °C 7 d, 16.3–17.0 mm diam., white, regular at edge, cottony in centre, inreverse milky white	unbranched or branched 3–4 times, 7.0–96.8 × 0.9–3.5 µm, mostly aseptate, sometimes 1-septate	Aborted: 7.0–7.8 µm diam.; Fertile: spherical, 8.8–24.5 µm diam.;	mostly sub-spherical or ovoid, 2.6–5.2 × 3.2–6.5 µm, sometimes hemi-spherical, 0.4–3.3 × 2.8–5.3 µm	pear-shaped, 4.4–5.6 × 8.5–9.0 µm, cup-shaped, 4.6–7.0 × 8.5–10.0 µm, elliptical or subspherical, 2.7–8.0 × 2.8–9.1 µm	ovoid, 2.40–3.34 × 1.51–2.35 µm, reniform, 2.58–4.99 × 1.48–2.24 µm	terminal, globular, sub-spherical, 3.2–6.5 µm diam.	Wang et al. (2023a)
G.orasabula	SMA: 25 °C 5 d, 33.0–35.0 mm, initial white, later off-white, irregular at edge, in reverse white	35.0–200.0 × 2.5–4.0 μm, simply branched 1–3 times	Fertile: globose to subglobose or calabash vase-shaped, 12.0–20.0 × 12.5–22.0 μm	hemispherical, 2.0–3.0 × 3.0–4.0 μm	globose, subglobose to pyriform, 5.0–10.0 × 4.5–8.5 μm	mostly bean-shaped, 2.0–3.5 × 2.0–2.5 μm		Li et al. (2016)
G.pamphilae	PDA: dark 25 °C 7 d 18.3–22.3 mm in diam., white, regular at edge and cottony in centre, in reverse milky white	unbranched or branched 1–2 times, 3.7–154.9 × 1.4–4.1 μm, mostly aseptate, occasionally 1- or 2-septate	Aborted: existence; Fertile: spherical, 13.8–30.8 μm diam.	mostly hemispherical, 1.8–4.7 × 2.0–7.7 μm, sometimes arc-shaped, 0.5–1.6 × 3.3–4.6 μm, spherical, 4.8–6.4 × 5.9–6.9 μm	spherical, 5.7–8.1 × 5.6–9.0 μm, ellipsoidal, 4.8–6.9 × 4.8–6.1 μm	reniform, 3.0–5.5 × 1.8–3.4 μm, ovoid, 2.5–5.6 × 1.8–3.7 μm	intercalary, globular, 4.0–8.1 μm diam	This study
G.pedratalhadensis	PDA: 25 °C 7 d 5.5 mm high, 45.0 mm diam., white, irregular at edge, in reverse pale	sympodially branched 1–2 times, 9.5–30.0 × 2.5–7.0 μm, mostly 1-septate below sporangia, rarely two or more septate	Aborted: existence; Fertile: globose 17.0–35.0(40.0) μm diam.	mostly hemispherical, some short hemispherical or subglobose, 5.0–15.0 × 4.0–21.5 μm	vasiform, short or long, 5.0–15.0 × 4.5–15.0 μm	bean-shaped, 2.5–3.5 × 1.5–2.5 μm, rarely irregular, 2.5–3.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm		de Freitas et al. (2020)
G.pingtangensis	PDA: dark 25 °C 7 d 19.4–22.8 mm diam., white, cottony, in reverse milky white	unbranched or sympodially branched 1–4 times, 1.4–5.9 μm wide, aseptate or 1-septate	Aborted: existence; Fertile: spherical, 14.2–27.1 μm diam.;	mostly hemispherical, 2.3–4.0 × 2.8–6.9 μm, some arch-shaped, 0.9–1.5 × 4.1–4.9 μm, spherical, 4.4–6.0 × 5.1–6.9 μm	mostly oval-shaped, 7.1–19.8 × 6.9–15.9 μm, some bowling pin-shaped, 15.6–17.5 × 8.5–9.4 μm, egg-shaped, 4.6–9.8 × 3.6–8.7 μm	mostly ovoid, 2.8–3.9 × 2.0–2.5 μm, some reniform, 2.9–3.6 × 1.9–2.4 μm, spherical, 2.1–2.7 μm, occasionally large irregularly shaped, 4.8–6.2 × 2.1–2.8 μm	intercalary, globular, 5.2–6.8 μm diam.	This study
G.qichaensis	PDA: dark, 25 °C 7 d 20.3–22.7 mm diam., white, cottony, regular at edge, in reverse milky white	unbranched or branched 1–2 times, 17.3–141.2 × 0.7–4.3 µm, usually aseptate, occasionally 2-septate	Aborted: ovoid,12.2–13.7 µm in diam.; Fertile: spherical, 7.9–36.7 µm diam.	ellipsoidal, 0.8–6.5 × 1.2–8.1 µm, sometimes sub-hemispherical to curved, 1.0–2.0 × 2.5–4.5 µm	mostly pear-shaped to oval, 4.6–13.4 × 3.4–10.7 µm, partially elliptical or sub-spherical, 6.0–11.3 × 4.8–9.0 µm	mostly ellipsoidal, 3.0–4.2 × 2.1–2.8 µm, sometimes reniform, 2.8–3.7 × 2.3–2.8 µm, few spherical, 2.4–3.3 µm	intercalary or terminal, globular, sub-spherical, 3.5–6.7 µm diam.	Wang et al. (2023a)
G.reniformis	PDA: dark 25 °C 7 d 19.7–20.9 mm diam., white, regular at edge and cottony in centre in reverse milky white	unbranched or branched 1–3 times, 3.4–157.9 × 0.8–3.4 μm, mostly aseptate, occasionally 1- or 2-septate	Aborted: gourd-shape, 15.0–19.9 × 3.1–10.9 μm; Fertile: spherical, 7.9–26.0 μm diam.	mostly elliptic, 1.7–4.6 × 1.4–5.2 μm, sometimes sub-hemispherical, 1.4–2.6 × 3.3–4.9 μm	pear-shaped, 3.3–8.5 × 3.0–7.3 μm, ellipsoidal, 4.6–10.1 × 2.9–7.8 μm	mostly reniform, 2.8–3.5 × 1.8–2.3 μm, ovoid, 3.1–3.37 × 1.7–2.0 μm	intercalary, globular, 3.5–10.0 μm diam.	This study
G.sichuanensis	PDA: 25 °C 14 d 4.0–5.0 mm high, 67.0–68.0 mm diam., white, regular at edge, in reverse grey	solitary or simply branched, 28.0–46.5 × 1.0–3.0 μm, 1- or 2-septate	Fertile: globose, subglobose, 10.5–26.5 μm diam.	hemispherical, 1.5–3.5 × 1.0–3.0 μm	ellipsoidal to subglobose, 4.5–8.5 × 4.5–6.0 μm in diam.	reniform, ovoid or ellipsoidal, 1.5–2.0 × 1.0–1.5 μm		Zhang et al. (2019)
G.zunyiensis	PDA: 25 °C 14 d 3.0–6.0 mm high, 70.0–75.0 mm diam., white, villiform, irregular at edge, in reverse grey-white	1.5–4.0 μm wide, branched several times, usually aseptate	Fertile: subglobose to globose, 11.0–19.5 μm diam.	hemispherical and globose, 2.0–3.0 × 3.5–7.0 μm	subglobose, 3.5–9.5 μm, conical-cylindrical, 4.0–7.0 × 5.0–9.0 μm	subglobose, reniform, 1.5–2.0 × 2.0–3.5 μm		Dong et al. (2019)