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. 2024 Nov 27;14:29493. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-80993-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Identification and analysis of macrophage subpopulations. (A) Macrophage subpopulations in the OP microenvironment. (B) Bar graph showing the difference in macrophage abundance between control and osteoporosis patients. (C) Density map mapping of cell subpopulation-specific marker expression in macrophage subpopulations. (D-E) Bubble plots showing biological processes and pathways that are significantly activated in macrophage subpopulations. GO BP: Gene Ontology Biological Process; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. (F) Pseudotime developmental trajectories of macrophage subpopulations. (G) Dynamic expression of genes of interest along the differentiation trajectory of macrophage subpopulations. (H) Expression of M1 and M2 signatures of macrophage subpopulations. (I) Density map of the expression of APOE and CXCL2 in macrophage subpopulations. (J) Violin plots show cytokine expression of macrophage subpopulations.