Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| Author (programme) | Year | Sponsor | Incretin therapy | Study population | No of sites | Sample size (n) | Females (%) | Individual race/ethnic groups included(self-reported) | ||||
| White | Black/African American | Asian | Indigenous | Hispanic | ||||||||
| Wadden et al30 (SCALE maintenance) | 2013 | Novo Nordisk | Liraglutide | BMI ≥30 or ≥ 27 with comorbidities who lost ≥5% body weight with diet | 36 | 422 | 81.5 | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Davies et al31 (SCALE diabetes) | 2015 | Novo Nordisk | Liraglutide | BMI ≥27 and T2DM | 126 | 846 | 49.8 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Pi-Sunyer et al32 (SCALE) | 2015 | Novo Nordisk | Liraglutide | BMI ≥30 or ≥ 27 with comorbidities without diabetes | 191 | 3731 | 78.5 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| O'Neil et al33 (phase 2) | 2018 | Novo Nordisk | Liraglutide and semaglutide | BMI ≥30 kg/m2 without diabetes | 71 | 957 | 64.7 | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
| Garvey et al34 (SCALE insulin) | 2020 | Novo Nordisk | Liraglutide | BMI ≥27 and T2DM treated with insulin | 54 | 396 | 53 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Wadden et al35 (SCALE IBT) | 2020 | Novo Nordisk | Liraglutide | BMI ≥30K without diabetes | 17 | 282 | 83.3 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Alba et al36 (phase 2) | 2021 | Janssen | JNJ-64565111 and liraglutide | BMI ≥35 and ≤50 without diabetes | 51 | 474 | 75.1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Davies et al37 (STEP 2 diabetes) | 2021 | Novo Nordisk | Semaglutide | BMI ≥27 and T2DM | 149 | 1210 | 50.1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Nahra et al38 (phase 2) | 2021 | AstraZeneca | Cotadutide and liraglutide | BMI ≥25 and T2DM | 120 | 834 | 53.7 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Rubino et al39 (STEP 4) | 2021 | Novo Nordisk | Semaglutide | BMI ≥30 or ≥ 27 with comorbidities without diabetes | 73 | 803 | 78.9 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Wadden et al40 (STEP 3) | 2021 | Novo Nordisk | Semaglutide | BMI ≥30 or ≥27 with comorbidities without diabetes | 41 | 611 | 81.0 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Wilding et al8 (STEP 1) | 2021 | Novo Nordisk | Semaglutide | BMI ≥30 or ≥27 with comorbidities without diabetes | 129 | 1961 | 74.0 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Garvey et al41 (STEP 5) | 2022 | Novo Nordisk | Semaglutide | BMI ≥30 or ≥27 with comorbidities without diabetes | 41 | 304 | 77.6 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Kadowaki et al42 (STEP 6) | 2022 | Novo Nordisk | Semaglutide | BMI ≥27 with ≥2 comorbidities or BMI ≥30 ≥1 comorbidity | 28 | 401 | 37 | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| Jastreboff et al9 (SURMOUNT 1) | 2022 | Eli Lilly | Tirzepatide | BMI ≥30 or ≥ 27 with comorbidities without diabetes | 119 | 2539 | 67.5 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Rubino et al43 (STEP 8) | 2022 | Novo Nordisk | Semaglutide and liraglutide | BMI ≥30 or ≥ 27 with comorbidities without diabetes | 19 | 338 | 78.4 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Garvey et al44 (SURMOUNT 2) | 2023 | Eli Lilly | Tirzepatide | BMI ≥27 and T2DM | 77 | 938 | 51 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Jastreboff et al10 (phase 2) | 2023 | Eli Lilly | Retatrutide | BMI ≥30 or ≥ 27 with comorbidities without diabetes | 25 | 338 | 48 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Kosiborod et al51 (STEP HFpEF) | 2023 | Novo Nordisk | Semaglutide | BMI ≥30 with heart failure with preserved ejection | 96 | 529 | 56.1 | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Knop et al46 (OASIS) | 2023 | Novo Nordisk | Oral semaglutide | BMI 30 or ≥27 with comorbidities without diabetes | 50 | 667 | 73 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Mok et al47 (BARI-OPTIMISE) | 2023 | Novo Nordisk | Liraglutide | <20% body weight loss after metabolic surgery | 2 | 70 | 74 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Wadden et al48 (SURMOUNT 3) | 2023 | Eli Lilly | Tirzepatide | BMI ≥30 or ≥27 with comorbidities without diabetes | 62 | 579 | 62.8 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Wharton et al49 (phase 2) | 2023 | Eli Lilly | Oral orforglipron | BMI ≥30 or ≥27 with comorbidities without diabetes | 35 | 272 | 59.2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Aronne et al50 (SURMOUNT 4) | 2024 | Eli Lilly | Tirzepatide | BMI ≥30 or ≥27 with comorbidities without diabetes | 70 | 670 | 70.6 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Kosiborod et al51 (STEP HFpEF diabetes) | 2024 | Novo Nordisk | Semaglutide | BMI ≥30 with heart failure with preserved ejection and T2DM | 108 | 616 | 44.3 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Le Roux et al53 (phase 2) | 2024 | Boehringer Ingelheim | Survodutide | BMI ≥27 without diabetes | 43 | 384 | 68 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Mu et al52 (STEP 7) | 2024 | Novo Nordisk | Semaglutide | BMI ≥30 or ≥27 with comorbidities | 23 | 375 | 45 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
BARI-OPTIMISEThe Evaluation of Liraglutide 3; mg in Patients With Poor Weight Loss and a Suboptimal Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Response.BMI, body mass index; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; IBT, intensive behavioural therapy; OASIS, Oral Semaglutide Treatment Effect in People with Obesity; SCALESatiety and Clinical Adiposity - Liraglutide Evidence in Nondiabetic and Diabetic IndividualsSTEP, Semaglutide Treatment Effect for People with obesity; SURMOUNT, A Study of Tirzepatide in Participants With Obesity or Overweight; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus