Table 4.
Association between communicable and non-communicable diseases and ever smoking, multiple logistic regression (former smokers included with current smokers)
| Variable | Males | Females | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | |
| HIV (positive ELISA result) | Prevalence = 1,372/5,661 (24.2%) | Prevalence = 4,582/11,955 (38.3%) | ||
| Never smoking | Reference | Reference | ||
| Ever smoking | 1.09 (0.93; 1.30) | 0.295 | 1.32 (0.93; 1.87) | 0.118 |
| Viral load < 400 copies/mL among those with HIV | Prevalence = 1,027/1,392 (73.8%) | Prevalence = 3,922/4,610 (85.1%) | ||
| Never smoking | Reference | Reference | ||
| Ever smoking | 0.89 (0.66; 1.19) | 0.424 | 0.91 (0.50; 1.68) | 0.774 |
| Active tuberculosis | Prevalence = 110/5,690 (1.9%) | Prevalence = 131/11,891 (1.1%) | ||
| Never smoking | Reference | Reference | ||
| Ever smoking | 2.07 (1.32; 3.23) | 0.001 | 1.97 (0.69; 5.65) | 0.205 |
| Hypertension | Prevalence = 1,017/5,675 (17.2%) | Prevalence = 3,504/11,967 (29.3%) | ||
| Never smoking | Reference | Reference | ||
| Ever smoking | 0.68 (0.56; 0.84) | < 0.001 | 0.94 (0.62; 1.41) | 0.755 |
| Diabetes mellitus | Prevalence = 307/5,660 (5.4%) | Prevalence = 1,400/11,960 (11.7%) | ||
| Never smoking | Reference | Reference | ||
| Ever smoking | 0.54 (0.36; 0.79) | 0.002 | 1.02 (0.59; 1.76) | 0.936 |
For each outcome variable (HIV, viral load < 400 copies/mL, tuberculosis, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus), we ran separate multiple logistic regression models, adjusting for age and household socio-economic status
CI Confidence Interval