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. 2024 Nov 28;43:311. doi: 10.1186/s13046-024-03231-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Surgery induces local modifications to the cerebral microenvironment in GBM patients. A) Patient characteristics of peri-operative cohort; B) Study design: GBM patients were enrolled in the study and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at time of diagnosis, within 48 h post-surgery (without and with contrast enhancement) and at relapse; C) Illustrative brain MRI imaging of four patients showing a T1 sequence with (a, c, d) or without (b) contrast enhancement, before (a) and after gross total resection (b and c) and at relapse (d). The blue arrows show the initial and recurrent tumor location, the white arrows show the tumor cavity location (b) and the red arrows show contrast enhancement associated with post-surgery BBB opening (c)