TABLE 2.
E2 Polymeric nanoparticles: route of administration, composition, physical -chemical characteristics, manufacturing process, main results and target disease studied.
| Type of nanoparticle | Route of administration | Composition | Particle size (nm) | PDI | ZP (mV) | EE/DL (% mm) | Preparation method | Main results | Target disease | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NC | - | ABA triblock copolymer, (PEG–PBA–PEG) + olive oil | 97 ± 22 to 384 ± 40 | 0.782 to 0.204 | - | 29.0 to 70.4 | emulsification-solvent diffusion | It is possible to develop a NC using PEG block of copolymer as stabilizer, however, to reduce the size, it is necessary to use a minimal amount of surfactant | - | Khoee S, 2010 |
| NS | Oral | PLGA | 115.3 ± 2.5 | - | +92.4 ± 3.2 | 51.2 ± 3.8 | emulsion-diffusion-evaporation | E2-Nano particles better treated postmenopausal metabolic syndrome by prevention or reversion of the weight gain, dyslipidaemia and<!--Soft-enter Run-on-- > insulin resistance | CVD | Mittal G, 2009 |
| NS | Transdermic | PLGA PLGA + PVA |
110.0 ± 41.0 106 ± 30.9 |
- | - | 0.93 ± 0.05 0.43 ± 0.03 |
antisolvent diffusion with preferential solvation | E2-loaded PLGA nanoparticles prepared by antisolvent diffusion method with preferential solvation confirmed sustained-release, with higher skin permeation and improved bone mineral density | Osteoporosis | Takeuchi I, 2017 |
| NS | - | PLA: PEG - PLGA:PLA | 49.4 ± 2.2 | 0. 194 | −58.2 ± 3.0 | - | water/oil emulsion and ultrasonication | Focusing on the development of the method, it allowed a better measurement of release rate for hydrophobic drugs than the conventional method | - | Gil D, 2018 |
| NS | - | 2% PLA–PEG–E2 93% PEG–diazobenzene–PLA |
168 ± 3 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | ∼ zero | 20 | solvent exchange method | 17β-E2-conjugated polymersomes targeted as polymeric hypoxia-responsive drug delivery nanocarriers bind to the ER on the surface of breast cancer cells and internalize them, releasing the active drug and reduce the cell viability | Breast cancer | Mamnoon B, 2020 |
| NS | Subcutaneous | PLGA + PVA | 256 ± 2.3 | 0.158 ± 0.02 | ∼ zero | - | single-emulsion technique and ultrasonication | PLGA-E2 nanoparticles heightened the stimulation of the uterus and showed cognitive beneficial effects | Spatial memory and Uterine stimulation (Hormone therapy) | Prakapenka AV, 2020 |
| NS | Intravenous | PLGA | 181 ± 1.2 | 0.236 ± 0.008 | −4.18 ± 0.78 | 58.31 ± 9.17 | emulsion solvent diffusion |
Successfully developed a stable and biocompatible NP targeting bone to deliver E2 | Osteoporosis | Guo Y, 2021 |
| Gelatine | Nasal | WS -E2- GN 5% β-CD-GNP 10% β-CD-GNP |
301.6 ± 74.7 315.7 ± 96.8 362.3 ± 151.4 |
- | +8.13 ± 4.80 |
94.6 ± 16.9 85.2 ± 4.9 95.5 ± 8.2 |
modified desolvation method |
Gelatine nanoparticles successfully delivered E2 treatment of ischemic stroke | Neurologic disorders, stroke | Joachim E, 2020 |
Abbreviations: PDI, polydispersity index; ZP, zeta potential; EE, Encapsulation efficacy; DL, drug loading; PLGA, Poly (lactide-co-glycolide); PVA, polyvinyl alcohol; poly (ethylene glycol)–poly (butylene adipate)–poly (ethylene glycol); poly (lactic acid):polyethylene glycol (PLA:PEG) and 50:50 poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid):poly (lactic acid) (PLGA:PLA); Polylactic acid (PLA); 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD).