Figure 3.

Hormonal crosstalk and signaling mediating abiotic stress tolerance in plants. IAA promotes antioxidant activity by neutralizing ROS. CK works with ABA to modulate stress responses. ABA is crucial for regulating stomatal conductance and promoting drought tolerance. SA interacts with other hormones like ABA and JA, influencing plant defense mechanisms. ACC deaminase modulates ethylene levels to mitigates stress effects. IAA, Indole acetic acid; ROS, reactive oxygen species; CK, cytokinins; ABA, abscisic acid; ACC, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate; SA, salicylic acid; JA, jasmonic acid.