Table 2.
Culprit Lesion and Systematic Inflammatory Biomarkers (N = 32)
| Inflammatory Markers | Culprit Lesion | Systemic | Culprit Ratio | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immune cells | ||||
| T lymphocytes, absolute | 3,509 (1,963-5,397) | 3,596 (1,596–5,868) | 1.01 (0.93-1.15) | 0.81 |
| CD4+ T cells, absolute | 1,880 (1,372-3,679) | 2,113 (1,239-3,973) | 1.03 (0.94-1.12) | 0.78 |
| CD8+ T cells, absolute | 838 (478-1,585) | 847 (394-1,741) | 0.99 (0.87-1.20) | 0.51 |
| NKT cells, absolute | 45 (23-69) | 45 (19-69) | 0.94 (0.81-1.29) | 0.91 |
| B cells, absolute | 1,088 (476-1,636) | 1,308 (506-1,831) | 0.95 (0.84-1.08) | 0.032 |
| Total monocytes, absolute | 2,265 (1,727-3,440) | 2,323 (1,723-4,142) | 0.96 (0.83-1.06) | 0.051 |
| Classical monocytes, absolute | 2,180 (1,539–3,256) | 2,186 (1,665-3,701) | 0.95 (0.82-1.05) | 0.049 |
| Intermediate monocytes, absolute | 41 (22-69) | 45 (25-76) | 1.11 (0.81-1.34) | 0.91 |
| Alternative monocytes, absolute | 63 (41-140) | 82 (47-133) | 0.97 (0.82-1.23) | 0.23 |
| Granulocytes, absolute | 40,496 (27,905-60,910) | 44,775 (35,648-68,558) | 0.89 (0.77-1.01) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophils, absolute | 35,052 (25,723-55,576) | 37,386 (30,611-61,152) | 0.89 (0.76-1.01) | <0.001 |
| NK cells, absolute | 1,314 (853-2,661) | 1,395 (812-3,061) | 0.97 (0.83-1.15) | 0.28 |
| Cytokines and chemokines | ||||
| IL-1β, pg/mL | 10.34 (6.33-18.26) | 11.42 (6.63-16.86) | 1.00 (0.78-1.44) | 0.64 |
| IL-2, pg/mL | 11.20 (11.20-12.14) | 11.20 (11.20-12.60) | 1.00 (0.96-1.00) | 0.69 |
| IL-3, pg/mL | 2.71 (1.86-4.56) | 3.79 (1.86-5.28) | 0.87 (0.60-1.44) | 0.72 |
| IL-4, pg/mL | 1.40 (1.40-1.82) | 1.40 (1.40-1.78) | 1.00 (0.79-1.74) | 0.92 |
| IL-5, pg/mL | 1.10 (1.10-1.10) | 1.10 (1.10-1.10) | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 0.99 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 10.24 (5.88-12.57) | 6.23 (5.22-14.33) | 1.00 (0.67-1.70) | 0.88 |
| IL-8, pg/mL | 8.82 (6.49-12.46) | 7.00 (4.30-10.24) | 1.20 (1.06-1.67) | 0.001 |
| IL-10, pg/mL | 3.16 (2.20-5.01) | 2.59 (1.82-4.04) | 1.12 (0.94-1.42) | 0.026 |
| IL-13, pg/mL | 4.70 (3.65-5.52) | 4.64 (3.04-5.61) | 1.00 (0.93-1.26) | 0.58 |
| IL-17, pg/mL | 18.11 (14.77-22.47) | 15.11 (12.8-19.85) | 1.20 (0.93-1.43) | 0.13 |
| GM-CSF, pg/mL | 2.78 (2.09-3.11) | 2.55 (2.22-2.83) | 1.18 (0.81-1.25) | 0.33 |
| INF-γ, pg/mL | 12.45 (10.28-15.91) | 10.95 (8.64-13.74) | 1.13 (1.02-1.28) | <0.001 |
| IP-10, pg/mL | 435.7 (316-575.9) | 317.1 (222.0-527.8 | 1.32 (1.02-1.63) | 0.006 |
| MCP-1, pg/mL | 55.85 (36.01-88.93) | 64.38 (34.73-130.6) | 0.90 (0.57-1.13) | 0.021 |
| MIP-1α, pg/mL | 2.19 (1.78-3.51) | 1.56 (1.25-1.75) | 1.59 (1.11-2.09) | 0.021 |
| MIP-1β, pg/mL | 13.93 (9.58-21.94) | 18.55 (10.86-25.32) | 0.85 (0.69-1.05) | 0.024 |
| RANTES, pg/mL | 2,691 (1,366-3,104) | 1,991 (1,840-2,360) | 1.19 (0.84-1.44) | 0.16 |
| CD40 ligand, pg/mL | 186 (103.9-230.8) | 162.2 (118.4-253.4) | 0.82 (0.59-1.60) | 0.72 |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 4.92 (3.28-7.86) | 4.92 (3.74-8.29) | 1.01 (0.79-1.27) | 0.99 |
| VEGF, pg/mL | 6.77 (4.50-9.73) | 6.20 (4.50-7.10) | 1.15 (0.92-1.49) | 0.26 |
| TGF-β, ng/mL | 14.90 (14.90-14.90) | 14.90 (14.90-14.90) | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 0.32 |
| bFGF, pg/mL | 28.61 (21.55-36.84) | 29.86 (21.40-40.05) | 0.98 (0.80-1.08) | 0.093 |
| Granzyme A, pg/mL | 11.01 (8.30-13.27) | 7.72 (5.77-10.03) | 1.47 (0.98-1.93) | 0.021 |
| Perforin, pg/mL | 1,982 (894.1-4,083) | 1,801 (71.14-2,795) | 1.81 (0.84-41.31) | 0.16 |
| Granulysin, pg/mL | 6,369 (1,043-15,006) | 3,784 (261.3-8,455) | 1.91 (0.87-3.99) | 0.33 |
| NGAL, ng/mL | 591.1 (349.4-666.4) | 745.6 (428.3-982.5) | 0.79 (0.70-0.93) | <0.001 |
| Hyaluronic acid, ng/mL | 70.31 (29.84-187) | 84.71 (49.58-232.5) | 0.79 (0.54-0.94) | 0.004 |
| MMP-9, ng/mL | 70.63 (45.08-130.8) | 81.93 (52.47-122.5) | 0.93 (0.64-1.33) | 0.72 |
| MMP-9 activity, u/μL | 0.08 (0.08-0.46) | 0.08 (0.08-0.40) | 1.03 (0.98-1.16) | 0.010 |
Values are median (Q1-Q3). Culprit lesion ratio = local level culprit lesion site/systemic level arterial sheath). Unit of measurements (absolute cell count [absolute] / 10 μL of whole blood, plasma concentration: pg/mL, ng/mL, u/μL).
bFGF = basic fibroblast growth factor; GM-CSF = granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN = interferon gamma; IL = interleukin; IP = interferon gamma–inducible protein; MCP = monocyte chemoattractant protein; MIP = macrophage inflammatory protein; MMP = matrix metallopeptidase; NGAL = neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; NK = natural killer; NKT = natural killer T (cells); RANTES = regulated on activation normal T lymphocytes expressed and secreted, T cells = T lymphocytes; TGF = transforming growth factor; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.