Table 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics
| All (N = 7,072) | Non-PPM (n = 6,236) | Moderate PPM (n = 742) | Severe PPM (n = 94) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, y | 85 (81-88) | 85 (81-88) | 84 (81-87) | 83 (80-86) | <0.001 |
| Male | 2,241 (31.7) | 2,002 (32.1) | 210 (28.3) | 29 (30.9) | 0.103 |
| BSA, m2 | 1.40 (1.30-1.57) | 1.40 (1.30-1.56) | 1.48 (1.36-1.60) | 1.50 (1.38-1.63) | <0.001 |
| Clinical Frailty Scale ≥4 | 4,027 (57.0) | 3,618 (58.1) | 362 (48.8) | 47 (50.0) | <0.001 |
| NYHA functional class Ⅲ/Ⅳ | 2,859 (40.4) | 2,485 (39.9) | 325 (43.8) | 49 (52.1) | 0.008 |
| STS risk score, % | 6.1 (4.2-9.1) | 6.2 (4.2-8.6) | 5.8 (4.2-8.6) | 6.0 (3.6-9.4) | 0.135 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 5,898 (83.4) | 5,182 (83.1) | 640 (86.3) | 76 (80.9) | 0.067 |
| Dyslipidemia | 3,919 (55.4) | 3,429 (55.0) | 441 (59.4) | 49 (52.1) | 0.056 |
| Diabetes | 1,911 (27.0) | 1,678 (26.9) | 199 (26.8) | 34 (36.2) | 0.149 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1,492 (21.1) | 1,289 (20.7) | 181 (24.4) | 22 (23.4) | 0.057 |
| CAD | 2,314 (32.7) | 2,016 (32.3) | 266 (35.9) | 32 (34.0) | 0.153 |
| Previous CABG | 305 (4.3) | 256 (4.1) | 45 (6.1) | 4 (4.3) | 0.061 |
| PAD | 761 (10.8) | 656 (10.5) | 92 (12.4) | 13 (13.8) | 0.200 |
| CKD, eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 4,935 (69.8) | 4,309 (69.1) | 554 (74.7) | 72 (76.6) | 0.002 |
| Liver disease | 154 (2.2) | 131 (2.1) | 20 (2.7) | 3 (3.2) | 0.486 |
| COPD | 669 (9.5) | 588 (9.4) | 67 (9.0) | 14 (14.9) | 0.226 |
| Previous stroke | 780 (11.0) | 687 (11.0) | 78 (10.5) | 15 (16.0) | 0.319 |
| Previous pacemaker | 387 (5.5) | 327 (5.2) | 54 (7.3) | 6 (6.4) | 0.081 |
| Echocardiographic data | |||||
| AVA, cm2 | 0.63 (0.50-0.76) | 0.64 (0.51-0.76) | 0.58 (0.47-0.70) | 0.54 (0.40-0.68) | <0.001 |
| Indexed AVA, cm2/m2 | 0.42 (0.36-0.50) | 0.44 (0.30-0.51) | 0.40 (0.30-0.50) | 0.38 (0.30-0.41) | <0.001 |
| Mean aortic gradient, mm Hg | 46.8 (37.0-60.3) | 46.0 (37.0-60.0) | 48.0 (38.0-63.0) | 50.3 (37.0-68.3) | 0.025 |
| LVEF, % | 63.0 (54.0-68.3) | 63.0 (54.0-68.3) | 63.0 (54.0-68.7) | 60.9 (46.0-66.0) | 0.038 |
| Stroke volume index, mL/m2 | 44.6 (35.7-53.9) | 45.2 (36.2-54.5) | 40.7 (33.9-49.1) | 38.3 (29.7-46.7) | <0.001 |
| Subtypes of AS | |||||
| Normal-flow, high-gradient | 3,904 (55.7) | 3,466 (56.1) | 397 (53.8) | 41 (44.1) | <0.001 |
| Normal-flow, low-gradient | 1513 (21.6) | 1365 (22.1) | 137 (18.6) | 11 (11.8) | |
| Low-flow, high-gradient | 889 (12.7) | 735 (11.9) | 127 (17.2) | 27 (29.0) | |
| Low-flow, low-gradient | 704 (10.0) | 613 (9.9) | 77 (10.4) | 14 (15.1) | |
| AR ≥moderate | 717 (10.1) | 620 (9.9) | 80 (10.8) | 17 (18.1) | 0.049 |
| MR ≥moderate | 806 (11.4) | 684 (11.0) | 102 (13.8) | 20 (21.3) | 0.002 |
| TR ≥moderate | 624 (8.8) | 538 (8.6) | 74 (10.0) | 12 (12.8) | 0.214 |
| SPAP, mm Hg | 30.0 (25.0-38.0) | 30.0 (25.0-37.0) | 31.7 (26.0-40.0) | 33.0 (27.5-42.0) | <0.001 |
| MDCT data | |||||
| Bicuspid aortic valve | 509 (7.2) | 481 (7.7) | 23 (3.1) | 5 (5.3) | <0.001 |
| Annulus area, mm2 | 395.0 (353.0-450.0) | 398.0 (355.0-453.0) | 377.8 (335.5-426.0) | 374.1 (339.0-415.2) | <0.001 |
| Annulus perimeter, mm | 71.9 (67.9-76.6) | 72.1 (68.0-76.9) | 70.3 (66.2-74.7) | 70.7 (67.3-74.2) | <0.001 |
| LVOT calcification ≥moderate | 308 (4.4) | 269 (4.3) | 34 (4.6) | 5 (5.3) | 0.855 |
Values are median (Q1-Q3) or n (%).
AR = aortic regurgitation; AVA = aortic valve area; BSA = body surface area; CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD = coronary artery disease; CKD = chronic kidney disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; LVOT = left ventricular outflow tract; MDCT = multidetector computed tomography; MR = mitral regurgitation; PAD = peripheral artery disease; PPM = prosthesis–patient mismatch; SPAP = systolic pulmonary artery pressure; STS = Society of Thoracic Surgeons; TR = tricuspid regurgitation.