Table 1.

Interpretation of representative concepts of digital literacy.

Source: Table 1 developed by the authors.

Year	Organization	Concept interpretation
2012	American Library Association Institutional Repository (ALAIR)	Digital literacy is the ability to use information and communication technologies to find, understand, evaluate, create, and communicate digital information, an ability that requires both cognitive and technical skills24
2013	Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)	Digital literacies—the capabilities which fit someone for living, learning and working in a digital society. Including Media literacy, Information literacy, Digital scholarship, Learning skills, ICT literacy, Career & Identify management, Communications and collaboration25
2013	European Commission (EC)	Digital competence involves the “confident, critical and responsible use of, and engagement with, digital technologies for learning, at work, and for participation in society. It is defined as a combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes26.”
2017	International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)	To be digitally literate means one can use technology to its fullest effect -efficiently, effectively and ethically—to meet information needs in personal, civic and professional lives27
2018	United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)	Digital literacy is the ability to access, manage, understand, integrate, communicate, evaluate and create information safely and appropriately through digital technologies for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship. It includes competences that are variously referred to as computer literacy, ICT literacy, information literacy and media literacy28