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. 2024 Nov 28;14:29597. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-81168-6

Table 9.

Optimized parameters and optimal function value for FC4.

Algorithm PSO DE GWO SSA LCAHA
Inline graphic −1.1996286 −0.8532 −0.9593931 −0.919538 −0.8540984
Inline graphic 0.0033178 0.0015086 0.0022779 0.0017602 0.0015113
Inline graphic 8.89E−05 0.000036 6.763E−05 3.932E−05 0.000036
Inline graphic −0.0001113 −0.0001113 −0.0001113 −0.0001113 −0.0001113
Inline graphic 14 14 14.595331 14 14
Inline graphic 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008
B 0.0136 0.0136 0.0136871 0.0136 0.0136
Min 0.1029149 0.1029149 0.1030934 0.1029149 0.1029149
Max 0.1072152 0.1036409 0.1046272 0.1029859 0.1029149
Mean 0.104842 0.1032053 0.1036207 0.1029358 0.1029149
Std 0.0019782 0.0003977 0.0006054 2.928E−05 4.221E−17
RT 3.2229987 6.0140818 2.648363 5.8182958 2.4898632
FR 4.4 2.4 4.2 2.8 1.2