Fig. 3. Population genomic structure of L. braziliensis L1.

a ADMIXTURE barplots depicting the ancestry per isolate (N_unique = 116) assuming K = 2, K = 3, and K = 5 ancestral components. Isolates are labelled according to K = 3 ancestral components. Black is used for isolates with uncertain/hybrid ancestry (CON). Outer vertical lines show the major parasite groups (WAM, CAM, ATL, and CON) delineated by ADMIXTURE for K = 3. Inner vertical lines represent the parasite groups within WAM as inferred by ADMIXTURE for K = 5 in this study, which is in accordance with Heeren et al.²³ (PAU, HUP, INP, and ADM). The left bound tree represents the population tree of L1 as inferred by fineSTRUCTURE. Branch support values represent the posterior probability for each inferred clade. b Sample size distribution per ancestral component per ecoregion (level 2) for all isolates with at least 85% ancestry to a specific group/population. Ecoregion data is available from: https://gaftp.epa.gov/EPADataCommons/ORD/Ecoregions/sa/. c, d Map of the South American continent showing the L1 population genomic structure, assuming K = 3 (c) and K = 5 (d) populations. The base map depicts the occurrence of (sub-) tropical moist broadleaf forests; data is available from: http://maps.tnc.org/gis_data.html. Country-level data were available from: https://diva-gis.org/data.html. CAM central Amazon, WAM west Amazon, ATL Atlantic, CON conglomerate, PAU Southern Peru, HUP central/northern Peru, INP central Bolivia, ADM admixed.