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. 2024 Nov 28;11:1301. doi: 10.1038/s41597-024-04074-6

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2024

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Fig. 1 — Illustration of a sound speed profile and definition of D_dsc, D_sl, D_crit, D_excess, in-layer gradient, below layer gradient, and DSC strength: (a) without second sound channel (typical), (b) with second sound channel (occasional), and (c) located at (21.5°W, 57.5° N) from the WOA23 annual data. These depths are defined in the Fleet Oceanographic and Acoustic Reference Manual by the Naval Oceanographic Office (2020). If a local minimum of the sound speed exists (not always exists) between D_dsc and D_sl, the depth of the local minimum is defined as the second sound channel axis depth (D_ssc).