TABLE 1.
Prevalence of Salmonella in different categories of pet foods
| Type of Pet food | Positive/sample (%) | Salmonella serotype isolated | Method of detection | Study location and Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry Dog Foods | ||||
| Dry Dog foods | 26.5% (26/98) | Not specified | Not specified | Not mentioned, Galton et al. (1955), as cited in Pace et al. (1977) |
| Dehydrated dog food | 44% (11/25) | Infantis, Thomasville, Havana, Siegburg, Schwarzengrund, Livingstone, Agona, Senftenberg, Minnesota, Lexington, Johannesburg, Newington | Culture, biochemical and serology | USA, Pace et al. (1977) |
| Dry preparations | 0% (0/27) | Not applicable | Culture and Biochemical | Canada, D'Aoust (1978) |
| Dried pet food | 1% (22/2271) | Typhimurium and three other serovars not specified | Culture, biochemical, and serology | Poland, Wojdat et al. (2004) |
| Dry pet foods | 0% (0/24) | Not applicable | Culture and serotyping | USA, Strohmeyer et al. (2006) |
| Commercial kibble brands | 0% (0/5) | Not applicable | Culture, serotyping | USA, Mehlenbacher et al. (2012) |
| Dry dog and cat foods | 0.42% (1/240) | Not specified | Culture, biochemical, and serology | USA, Nemser et al. (2014) |
| Dry dog foods | 0% (0/36) | Not applicable | Culture, biochemical and serology | Poland, Kazimierska et al. (2021) |
| Dry pet food | 64% (42/66) | Not specified (detected Presumptive Salmonella colonies) | Culture | Lebanon, Serhan et al. (2022) |
| Extruded diets | 0% (0/24) | Not applicable | Culture, biochemical, PCR, PFGE | Chile, Solis et al. (2022) |
| Dry whole‐food cat foods | 0% (0/6) | Not applicable | Culture | Poland, Zietara‐Wysocka et al. (2023) |
| Dry pet foods | 0% (0/8) | Not applicable | Culture, biochemical, agglutination, PCR, WGS | Portugal, Ribeiro‐Almeida et al. (2024) |
| Cooked Kibble Diets | 0% (0/24) | Not applicable | Culture, Matrix‐assisted laser desorption‐ionization‐time–of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF), Whole genome sequencing (WGS) | UK, Morgan et al. (2024) |
| Dry pet foods | 0% (0/27) | Not applicable | Culture | UAE, Hadid et al. (2024) |
| Raw Pet Foods (RMBD) | ||||
| Raw meat used in greyhound diets |
44.64% (50/112)* 66.03% (70/106)** |
Typhimurium, Newport, Agona, Muenster, Anatum, Enteritidis, Schwarzengrund, Bardo, Dublin, Mbandaka, Reading, Senftenberg, Thomasville, Worthington | Culture*, biochemical, serology, DNA probes** | USA, Chengappa et al. (1993) |
| Homemade biologically appropriate raw food (BARF) dog food | 80% (8/10) | Braenderup, Hadar, Schwarzengrund | Culture, serology | Canada, Joffe and Schlesinger (2002) |
| Commercial raw diets from eight manufacturers | 20% (5/25) | Monophasic S. Typhimurium | Culture, and biochemical | Canada, Weese et al. (2005) |
| Raw meat diet for dogs | 7% (17/240) | Reading, Muenster, Cerro, Dublin, Montevideo, Newport, Saint Paul | Culture, serotyping | USA, Strohmeyer et al. (2006) |
| Commercial raw dog food diets | 21% (35/166) | Heidelberg, Hadar, Agona, I:ROUGH‐O:z10:enx, Albert, Mbandaka, IV:ROUGH‐O:‐:‐, Infantis, Thompson, Schwarzengrund, Kentucky, I:ROUGH‐O:r:1,2, Typhimurium, I:4,12:‐:‐, Brandenburg, Meleagridis | Culture, serotyping, and phage typing | Canada, Finley et al. (2008) |
| Raw pet food diets (frozen, dehydrated, freeze‐dried) | 7% (4/60) | 4, 12:i:‐, Montevideo, Kentucky, Anatum | Culture, serotyping | USA, Mehlenbacher et al. (2012) |
| Raw dog and cat foods | 7.65% (15/196) | Not specified | Culture, biochemical, and serology | USA, Nemser et al. (2014) |
| Raw meat‐ based diet (RMBD) | 2% (2/88) | Not specified | Culture, PCR | Finland, Fredriksson‐Ahomaa et al. (2017) |
| RMBD | 20% (7/35) | Not specified | Culture, serology | Netherland, Van Bree et al. (2018) |
| Raw pet food | 44.4% (4/9) | Reading, Anatum, Montevideo, Newport | Culture, serotyping, and whole genome sequencing | USA, Jones et al. (2019) |
| RMBD | 7% (4/60) | Rissen, Leeuwarden, Typhimurium, Monophasic S. Typhimurium 4,5:i: | Culture, MALDI‐TOF | Sweden, Hellgren et al. (2019) |
| RMBD (frozen) | 0% (0/29) | Not applicable | Culture, biochemical, and serology | Italy, Morelli et al. (2019) |
| RMBD for dogs | 3.9% (2/51) | Monophasic S. Typhimurium 4,12:i:‐, London | Culture, serology | Switzerland, Nuesch‐Inderbinen et al. (2019) |
| Biologically appropriate raw food (BARF) diet | 71.4% (15/21) | Not specified | Culture, biochemical, serology | Italy, Bottari et al. (2020) |
| Raw pet food (frozen and freeze dried) | 53% (9/17) | Not specified | Enzyme‐linked fluorescent assay | Thailand, Kananub et al. (2020) |
| RMBD | 33.8% (22/65) | Not specified (detected Presumptive Salmonella colonies) | Culture | USA, Cancio et al. (2022) |
| RMBDs | 26.2 % (11/42) | Not specified | Culture, biochemical testing, PCR, PFGE | Chile, Solis et al. (2022) |
| RMBDs | 20% (2/10) | Not specified | Culture, biochemical, serology, ELISA | Germany, Vecchiato et al. (2022) |
| RMBD (dog food) | 12% (7/60) | Infantis, Typhimurium, Schwarzengrund (two isolates were unable to be identified) | Culture, serotyping, PCR | Japan, Yukawa et al. (2022) |
| BARF for dogs | 55.6% (69/124) | Not specified | Culture, biochemical | Peru, Espinoza‐Garate, and Morales‐Cauti (2022) |
| meat by‐products (MBP) harvested at knackeries (fresh and frozen) | 14.8% (77/521) | Dublin, Typhimurium, Monophasic S. Typhimurium, Montevideo, Braenderup, Anatum, Agama | Culture, biochemical, and serology | Ireland, McDonnell et al. (2022) |
| Raw‐frozen | 7% (1/14) | 1,4,[5],12:i:‐ ST34/cgST142761 | Culture, biochemical, agglutination, PCR, WGS | Portugal, Ribeiro‐Almeida et al. (2024) |
| Pre‐prepared raw diet | 4.5% (5/110) | Kottbus, Typhimurium, Indiana, Enteriditis S. enterica diarizonae (subsp.) | Culture, MALDI‐TOF, WGS | UK, Morgan et al. (2024) |
| Pet Treats | ||||
| Dog Chews | 7.8% (184/2369) | Havana,Binza, Montevideo, Caracas, Nima, Bareilly, Senftenberg, Orion, Tennessee, Anatum, Ohio, Stanley, Altona, Nienstadten, Hvittingvoss, Liverpool, Aberdeen, Weltevreden, Typhimurium, Cerro, Give, Lexington, Mbandaka, Rissen, Saint Paul, Newport, Virchow and five unnamed/not determined | Culture, serotyping | England and UK, Willis, 2001 |
| Pig ears | 51% (48/94) | Infantis, Typhimurium, Derby, Anatum, Worthington, Ohio, Heidelberg, Brandenberg, California, Bovismorbificans, Mbandaka, Agona, Schwarzengrund,Livingstone, Montevideo, Muenster, Panama, Typhimurium var. Copenhagen, Uganda | Culture, biochemical, and Phage typing, PFGE | Canada, Clark et al. (2001) |
| Pet treats (lamb, turkey, or beef products) | 38% (15/39) | Agona, Agoueve, Banana, Bovismorbificans, Brandenberg, Derby, Havana, Infantis, Mbandaka, Meleagridis, Montevideo, Typhimurium, Typhimurium var. Copenhagen | Culture, biochemical, and Phage typing, PFGE | Canada, Clark et al. (2001) |
| Dog treats (from pig ears and other animal parts) | 41% (65/158) | Anatum, Typhimurium, Infantis, Derby, Ohio, Mbandaka, Bredeney, Worthington, Newport, Muenchen, Freetown, London, Senftenberg, Montevideo, Jerusalem, Heidelberg, Brandenburg, Agona, Grampian, Uganda, Meleagridis, Johannesburg, Gaminara, Orion | Culture, serotyping, phage typing, PFGE | USA, White et al. (2003) |
| Pet Chews | 12 % (36/300) | London, Kentucky, Borreze, Aberdeen, Infantis, Havana, Montevideo, Orion 15+, Senftenberg, Typhimurium, Brandenburg, Enteritidis PT9A, Mbandaka, Montevideo, Ohio | Culture, immuno‐magnetic separation (IMS), biochemical, serology, PFGE | New Zealand, Wong et al. (2007) |
| Pig ear pet treats |
24.5% (25/102)* 28.4% (29/102)† |
4,5,12:i:‐, Derby, Give, Infantis, Kortrijk, Livingstone, Rissen, Typhimurium | Culture*, serology, phage typing, PFGE, PCR† | Ireland, Adley et al. (2011) |
| Pet treats |
12.3%‐ (2002‐2006) 4.8%‐ (2007‐2009) |
45 serotypes including, Senftenberg, Montevideo, Mbandaka, Tennessee, Typhimurium, I 4, [5], 1 2:i:‐, Schwarzengrund, Anatum, Agona, Johannesburg, Enteritidis, Havana, Cerro, Oranienberg, Arkansas, Bredeney,Cubana, Derby, Alachua, Hadar, Weltevreden, Amager, Muenchen, Kentucky, Lille | Culture, serotyping | USA, Li et al. (2012) |
| Pet treats chews (for export) | 0.93% (1/108) | Not specified | Culture, biochemical, and serology | Brazil, Galvao et al. (2014) |
| Jerky‐type treats | 0% (0/190) | Not applicable | Culture, biochemical, and serology | USA, Nemser et al. (2014) |
| Animal‐derived dog treats | 2.31% (7/303) | 4,5,12:i:–, Rissen, Thompson | Culture, serology, PCR | Japan, Yukawa et al. (2019) |
| Dried natural dog treats | 16% (13/84) | Dublin, Derby, Infantis, Anatum, Monophasic Typhimurium | Culture, MALDI‐TOF, WGS | UK, Morgan et al. (2023) |
| Dog treats | 0% (0/7) | Not applicable | Culture, biochemical, agglutination, PCR, WGS | Portugal, Ribeiro‐Almeida et al. (2024) |
| Canned and Cooked Pet Foods | ||||
| Canned pet foods | 0% (0/29) | Not applicable | Culture and Biochemical | Canada, D'Aoust (1978) |
| Cooked open pet foods | 19.7% (J. M. Watkinson, personal communication) | Typhimurium, Bredeney, Hadar, Virchow, Agona, Enteritidis, Indiana, Saint Paul, other serotypes | Culture, serotyping, and Phage typing | U. K., Barrell (1982) |
| Canned pet foods | 0 % (0/18) | Not applicable | Culture, biochemical, and serology | Poland, Wojdat et al. (2004) |
| Canned pet foods | 0 % (0/24) | Not applicable | Culture, serotyping | USA, Strohmeyer et al. (2006) |
| Canned pet foods | 26% (26/99) | Not mentioned in the paper (detected Presumptive Salmonella colonies) | Culture | Lebanon, Serhan et al. (2022) |
| Wet pet foods | 0% (0/22) | Not applicable | Culture, biochemical, agglutination, PCR, WGS | Portugal, Ribeiro‐Almeida et al. (2024) |
| Semi‐moist Pet Foods | ||||
| Moist meat preparations | 0% (0/4) | Not applicable | Culture and Biochemical | Canada, D'Aoust (1978) |
| Semi‐moist dog and cat foods | 0% (0/240) | Not applicable | Culture, biochemical, and serology | USA, Nemser et al. (2014) |
| Semi‐moist pet foods | 0% (0/4) | Not applicable | Culture, biochemical, agglutination, PCR, WGS | Portugal, Ribeiro‐Almeida et al. (2024) |
*culture method; **DNA Probe; †PCR method