Table 4.

Methodologies and technologies for the planning stage.

Technologies	Planning	Organization	Management	Control
T1	Heijunka (Production leveling): To balance production and reduce variability. Just-In-Time (JIT): To adjust production according to actual demand.	Hoshin Kanri (Policy Deployment): To align strategic and operational objectives. Kaizen: To foster data-driven and fact-based decision making.	Lean Leadership: To develop effective leaders in the organization. Kaizen: To involve leaders in continuous improvement and team motivation.	Visual Management: To follow up and continuously monitor the plans. Kaizen: To review and adjust plans regularly.
	Agile supply chain management systems (IoT and integrated ERP systems). Real-time communication tools with customers and suppliers (Cloud computing).	Collaborative management tools (Project management platforms). Knowledge management systems to share information and make data-driven decisions.	Talent management platforms to identify skills and development needs. Data analytics to assess team performance and make informed decisions about leadership development.	Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) to monitor in real time the progress of production orders. IoT sensors embedded in machines to collect performance and efficiency data.
T2	Kaizen: To identify and eliminate waste and improve efficiency. Just-In-Time (JIT): To adjust production and minimize overcapacity.	Theory of Constraints (TOC): To identify and eliminate bottlenecks. Kaizen: To continuously improve processes and eliminate inefficiencies.	Lean Culture: To create a culture of motivation and continuous improvement. Kaizen: To encourage active participation and recognition of personnel.	Andon: To monitor and alert on problems in real time. Just-In-Time (JIT): To adjust resource utilization as needed.
	Capacity analysis (Simulation and Digital twins). Process optimization technologies (Machine learning). Collaborative systems and digital outsourcing (Cloud computing).	Digital twins to simulate and optimize production processes. Real-time production control systems (IoT—Industrial Internet of Things).	Performance management and continuous feedback systems. Online learning platforms to offer professional development courses.	Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) systems to monitor raw material and equipment usage in real time. Enterprise resource management (ERP) software (SAP S/4HANA) with specialized modules for inventory management and production planning.
T3	5S: To organize and manage inventory efficiently. Kanban: To control and reduce inventory of raw materials.	Heijunka: To level the workload and balance resource allocation. Just-In-Time (JIT): To adjust resources according to demand.	Gemba Walks: For supervisors to observe and improve processes in the workplace. Kaizen: To continuously identify and eliminate waste.	Gemba Walks: To perform evaluations and provide continuous feedback. Kaizen: To encourage regular staff feedback and development.
	Advanced inventory management systems (IoT, RFID). Predictive analytics tools to forecast material demand (Machine learning).	Integrated enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Project management and collaboration platforms to coordinate resources across teams.	Remote monitoring systems and IoT sensors to monitor machine and equipment performance. Predictive analytics systems to anticipate failures and improve efficiency.	Talent management platforms that enable continuous performance evaluation. Mobile applications to facilitate feedback and continuous staff development.
T4	Training Within Industry (TWI): To improve the skills and capabilities of personnel. Kaizen: To engage employees in continuous improvement.	Standardized Work: To document and standardize operating procedures. Kaizen: To continuously improve and update procedures.	A3 Problem Solving: For structured and effective problem solving. Kaizen: To continuously address and solve problems.	Jidoka (Autonomation): To detect and correct defects immediately. Total Quality Management (TQM): To improve inspections and ensure quality.
	Machine learning and augmented reality systems for training (Machine learning). Repetitive task automation and collaborative robotics (Collaborative robots).	Business Process Management (BPM) software (IBM Business Process Manager) to design and automate workflows. Document management platforms to store and share manuals and guidelines.	Data analysis tools to identify patterns and trends that can help in problem solving. Online collaboration platforms to facilitate employee participation in problem-solving.	Machine vision systems and sensors to detect defects automatically. Data analysis technologies to identify quality trends and problems.
T5	Total Productive Maintenance (TPM): To maintain and improve the equipment. Kaizen: To identify opportunities for technological upgrades.	Jidoka (Autonomation): To detect and correct problems quickly. Customer Focus: To maintain a continuous focus on customer needs.	Visual Management: To improve communication and transparency in the workplace. Kaizen: To improve communication channels and methods.	A3 Problem Solving: For structured analysis and correction of deviations. Kaizen: To continuously address and correct problems.
	Real-time monitoring (IoT and Sensors). Data-driven predictive maintenance. Digitization of manufacturing processes and use of digital twins (Big data and Digital twins).	Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems to manage orders and customer communication. Data analysis tools to forecast changes in demand.	Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems to improve external and internal communication. Video conferencing and instant messaging tools to facilitate real-time communication.	Business Intelligence (BI) tools to compare actual data with planned data. Early warning systems to notify significant deviations.
T6	Heijunka: To level production and adapt to fluctuations. Just-In-Time (JIT): To adjust production in real time according to demand.	Heijunka: To level production according to the demand of different customers. Kaizen: To improve efficiency in serving multiple customers.	Training Within Industry (TWI): To improve training and skills development. Kaizen: To identify and provide the necessary development opportunities.	Just-In-Time (JIT): To minimize inventory and reduce costs. Kanban: To manage and control inventory efficiently.
	Real-time visibility and collaboration systems (Digital supply chain platforms). Predictive analytics and advanced modeling tools. Agile methodologies for planning and production.	Marketing automation and CRM platforms to manage customer relationships. Chatbots and automated customer service systems.	E-learning and e-learning platforms to deliver training programs. Talent management systems to identify individualized training and development needs.	RFID and barcode technologies for accurate inventory tracking. Warehouse automation solutions to streamline inventory management.
T7	Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED): To reduce changeover times and handle multiple products. Heijunka: To level production of multiple product references.	Kanban: To manage order flow efficiently. Just-In-Time (JIT): To adjust order scheduling in real time.	Total Quality Management (TQM): To ensure quality and safety in all processes. Kaizen: To continuously improve quality and safety standards.	Cost Deployment: To identify and reduce operating costs. Kaizen: To continuously improve efficiency and reduce costs.
	Flexible manufacturing technologies (Adaptive CNC, 3D printing). Automation of configuration and assembly processes. Computer-aided design (CAD) tools for standardization.	Advanced production scheduling optimization algorithms. Manufacturing resource planning (MRP) systems connected in real time.	Quality management systems (QMS) to ensure regulatory compliance. Sensors and IoT technologies to monitor safety and quality conditions in real time.	Advanced cost accounting systems integrated with ERP systems. Data analysis tools to identify cost reduction opportunities.
T8	Kanban: To manage and control component inventory. Standardized Work: To standardize assembly and component handling processes.	Kanban: To simplify and improve scheduling. Value Stream Mapping (VSM): To identify and eliminate inefficiencies in the scheduling system.	Lean Culture: To foster a collaborative work environment and resolve conflicts. Kaizen: To effectively address and resolve conflicts.	Value Stream Mapping (VSM): To identify and eliminate bottlenecks. Kaizen: To improve processes and reduce delays.
	Design for additive manufacturing (3D printing). Component visibility and traceability technologies (QR codes, RFID).	Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems integrated with production scheduling modules. Real-time collaboration tools to coordinate scheduling across departments.	Online conflict management tools to facilitate dispute resolution. Training in emotional intelligence and effective communication skills.	Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) software (SAP IBP 2105) to optimize scheduling and reduce cycle times. Digital twins to simulate and optimize production processes prior to implementation.
T9	Value Stream Mapping (VSM): To analyze and improve the value stream. 5S: To organize and simplify the infrastructure.	Heijunka: To level production and simplify order scheduling. Kanban: To manage and improve order flow.	Lean culture: To develop a culture of collaboration and innovation. Kaizen: To encourage the participation and creativity of all employees.	Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): To define and monitor performance indicators. Visual Management: To track and continuously evaluate performance.
	Industrial automation (Collaborative robots, AGVs). Remote monitoring and control systems (IoT applied to plant management). Modular and flexible plant design (Adaptable production lines).	Simulation and modeling to optimize and simplify the scheduling model. Machine learning algorithms to improve production scheduling accuracy.	Enterprise social networking platforms to promote interaction and collaboration among employees. Agile project management tools to facilitate teamwork.	Data analysis and visualization platforms to create interactive control panels. Business Intelligence technologies to monitor KPIs in real time and generate automated reports.
T10	Value Stream Mapping (VSM): To identify and optimize different operation flows. Standardized Work: To standardize processes and improve efficiency.	Kaizen: To foster collaboration and improve interdepartmental communication. Hoshin Kanri (Policy Deployment): To align objectives and improve coordination.	Lean culture: To create a culture open to change and continuous improvement. Kaizen: To involve employees in the change process and reduce resistance.	Standardized Work: To define and document quality standards. Total Quality Management (TQM): To ensure consistency in product quality.
	Real-time quality management systems (Integrated quality sensors). Simulation and modeling tools for workflow optimization.	Collaborative project management platforms. Integrated business communication systems.	Innovation management systems to capture and manage improvement ideas.” Simulation and modeling to test and validate improvements before implementing them.	Quality Management Systems (QMS) integrated with production systems. IoT sensors to capture quality data in real time and take quick corrective actions.