Fig. 3.

Construction of natural polymer material bionic hydrogel. A) Schematic construction of CAHCP. Reproduced with permission [26]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. B) Schematic representation of highly biocompatible and tough gelatin hydrogel preparation. Reproduced with permission [97]. Copyright 2023, Wiley. C) Different cross-linking methods for sodium alginate hydrogels. Reproduced with permission [98]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. D) Design of sticky-ended synthetic collagen self-assemblies; comparison of molecular models depicting the symmetric self-assembly of 33-mer and 42-mer CMPs into nanofibers. Reproduced with permission [95]. Copyright 2023, Wiley. E) Diagram illustrating the physical cross-linking mechanism between Alg-g-CD macromolecules and Pluronic F108, as well as the impact of Pluronic F108 on the thermo-responsive behavior of the hydrogel network. Reproduced with permission [99]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. F) Hydrogel cardiac patches based on gelatin and dextran aldehyde. Reproduced with permission [101]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. G) Preparation and drug release of hydrogels based on carboxymethyl chitosan. Reproduced with permission [100]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. H) Design strategies for bioactive dual network hydrogels. Reproduced with permission [104]. Copyright 2023, Frontiers Media S.A.