Fig. 5.

Schematic representation of the preparation of hydrogels and their adhesion mechanism. A) The dry double-sided tape and its mechanism of dry-crosslinking for adhering wet tissues and devices. Reproduced with permission [146]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature. B) Schematic illustration of combined administration of injectable hydrogel with immune activity and a wet adhesive hydrogel cardiac patch designed for intramyocardial gene/ion delivery and epicardial NO delivery, aimed at restoring cardiac function post MI. Reproduced with permission [143]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. C) Bioadhesive polymer semiconductors for electrochemical transistor-based tissue interfaces. Reproduced with permission [144]. Copyright 2023, American Association for the Advancement of Science. D) A hydrogel with tough underwater adhesive properties. Reproduced with permission [123]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. E) Schematic illustration of the adhesion and fault-tolerant mechanism of a hydrogel tape. Reproduced with permission [122]. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature. F) Fabrication mechanism of the mussel-inspired adhesive hydrogels; possible adhesion mechanisms of the hydrogel. Reproduced with permission [134]. Copyright 2023, The Royal Society of Chemistry.