Goulding [29] |
Highlighted that simply viewing an art exhibit is unlikely to enhance well‐being. Discussion about the art was a crucial component of cultural engagement, reducing psychosocial barriers to inclusion. Art was an avenue for reminiscing with others in the group. Having a facilitated experience encouraged people to ask questions and fostered self‐confidence. Being in a group was a means to social capital development; participants who attended on their own or with a family member did not develop the same connections/bonds with others. |
Three contemporary art galleries were involved. Some participants felt strength in numbers from being in a group; they would not have felt confident being there alone (e.g., due to education level/socioeconomic status). |
Goulding [30] |
Suggested that cultural capital gained through life can shape cultural engagement. Lack of knowledge of cultural venues and access to them could be supported through facilitated visits. However, energy might be required to walk around settings, and access may be compromised if caring for a partner. A lack of confidence stopped women from ethnic minority groups from going out alone, especially when English was a second language. Linguistic barriers were also alluded to in terms of enjoying listening to music in one's own language. |
Various–public spaces and home‐based. |
Hackney Caribbean Elderly Organisation [31] |
The organisation described in the report offered a range of activities–some were culturally specific such as Quadrille dancing, Windrush celebrations, and visiting the Victoria and Albert Museum for an African fashion exhibition. Food provided was familiar and acceptable to service users: “Caribbean foods–yam, banana, dumplings, chicken” (p. 8). |
A community centre that is wheelchair accessible, which can provide food and hold a range of activities. It was described as an inclusive space, sensitive and person‐centred, where individuals could share life. |
Lowe [32] |
Noted that older people from ethnic minority groups should not be seen as homogeneous. The case studies showed how communities were consulted to find ways to make provision inclusive. Also, the idea was proposed of touring provision developed in one area for similar communities in other parts of the country. |
The four case sites were in (a) a public research centre specialising in the history of London, (b) a community centre dedicated to the well‐being of ethnic minority communities, (c) four community centres and (d) care homes, day centres and community groups. |
Lynch [33] |
Emphasised that engaging with services for older people with dementia from a South Asian background could be hampered by communication/language barriers, transport, trust and stigma. The report mentioned that content for cultural activities needed to acknowledge cultural diversity relating to art forms and genres. It noted how cultural organisations may struggle to engage with care homes and to speak to a manager, who could take some convincing about the relevance of participatory theatre to residents (gatekeeping by care home managers as a specific barrier). The report referred to the importance of faith and food when trying to meet the needs of older people with dementia. Music associated with faith and festivals was also mentioned; songs used at places like dementia cafes and day centres were not necessarily those that people from a South Asian background would grow up knowing. Also highlighted the dangers of reminiscence work with people who experienced trauma from events such as Partition and racism in the United Kingdom. |
Attempted to work with care homes that catered for older people from a South Asian background. It was difficult to gain access and trying to do so could be time‐consuming. Might involve several telephone calls and visiting in advance to build trust and relationships. |
Thomson et al. [34] |
Quantitative findings showed an improvement in all six areas that were measured (absorbed, active, cheerful, enlightened, encouraged and inspired) pre–post at three time points–start, mid and end of the 10‐week programme. These results were not specific to ethnic minority groups. Qualitative data suggested that participants enjoyed learning new information and skills. They liked being intellectually challenged through engaging with museum objects and having their thoughts listened to. Some participants suggested they would visit museums more often now, after the facilitated visits, but this was not specific to people from ethnic minority groups. |
Museum settings allowed people to engage with objects and artefacts. They felt privileged to be able to do so but could find it tiring having to walk around these spaces. |