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. 2024 Nov 28;22:1080. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05887-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — TERT alleviates ROS-induced impairment and senescence in VOs. A Relative TERT mRNA levels in VOs during development, measured by RT-qPCR. B Telomerase activity assessed by the telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP). CHAPS lysate served as a negative control. C Western blot analysis of Flag levels in hiPSCs. D Schematic timeline of H₂O₂ treatment in VOs. E Microscopic images of VOs (day 10) following 50 μM H₂O₂ or PBS treatment. Arrows indicate neovascular sprouting. Scale bars, 250 μm. F SA-β-Gal staining of VOs (day 15). Scale bars, 50 μm. The percentage of SA-β-Gal-positive cell area (blue) relative to eosin-stained area (red) was calculated from five random fields. G IF of VOs for p16^INK4a (red) and DAPI (blue) staining. Scale bars, 50 μm. Relative p16^INK4a fluorescence intensity was calculated from five random fields. (ns, not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001)