Table 2.
Association between FRIDa use and multipleb FRIDs use and falls by age group
| Model comparing participants with no FRID to participants with at least one FRID | Model comparing participants with zero or one FRID to participants with two or more FRIDs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No FRID use | At least one FRID use | Zero or one FRID | Two or more FRIDs use | |
| Total fallsc | ||||
| Age 70–74 years | ||||
| No. of participants at baseline | 767 | 470 | 1074 | 163 |
| Adjusted IRd per person-year (95% CI) | 0.51 (0.46, 0.57) | 0.50 (0.43, 0.57) | 0.51 (0.46, 0.56) | 0.52 (0.42, 0.64) |
| Adjusted IRRd (95% CI) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 1.02 (0.82, 1.27) | ||
| P valued | 0.76 | 0.87 | ||
| Age ≥ 75 years | ||||
| No. of participants at baseline | 482 | 438 | 732 | 188 |
| Adjusted IRd per person-year (95% CI) | 0.45 (0.39, 0.52) | 0.60 (0.52, 0.70) | 0.48 (0.42, 0.55) | 0.68 (0.55, 0.83) |
| Adjusted IRRd (95% CI) | 1.35 (1.15, 1.58) | 1.40 (1.16, 1.70) | ||
| P valued | 0.0003 | 0.0005 | ||
| Recurrent fallse | ||||
| Age 70–74 years | ||||
| No. of participants at baseline | 767 | 470 | 1074 | 163 |
| Adjusted IRd per person-year (95% CI) | 1.29 (1.16, 1.43) | 1.29 (1.14, 1.47) | 1.30 (1.18, 1.43) | 1.25 (1.04, 1.50) |
| Adjusted IRRd (95% CI) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.15) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.15) | ||
| P valued | 0.92 | 0.65 | ||
| Age ≥ 75 years | ||||
| No. of participants at baseline | 482 | 438 | 732 | 188 |
| Adjusted IRd per person-year (95% CI) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.22) | 1.34 (1.19, 1.51) | 1.13 (1.02, 1.26) | 1.46 (1.25, 1.69) |
| Adjusted IRRd (95% CI) | 1.24 (1.08, 1.41) | 1.28 (1.11, 1.49) | ||
| P valued | 0.002 | 0.001 | ||
Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, FRID Fall-risk increasing drug, IR incidence rate, IRR incidence rate ratio, No absolute number
aFRID use was defined as any FRID use at baseline, based on the European consensus by Seppala et. al. [11]
bMultiple FRIDs use was defined as the use of 2 or more FRIDs at baseline, also based on the European consensus by Seppala et. al. [11]
cThe number of total falls included high- and low-trauma falls, as well as injurious falls experienced over each participant’s time in the study over 3 years. A fall was defined as unintentionally coming to rest at a lower level or on the ground (excluding falling against furniture or walls)
dEstimates are from negative binomial regression models adjusted for age, sex, prior fall, BMI, study center (Berlin, Coimbra, Innsbruck, Toulouse, Basel, Geneva, and Zurich), walking aid, participant’s follow-up times, and fixed effects of treatment allocation in the DO-HEALTH trial (vitamin D3, omega-3, and home exercise program)
eThe number of recurrent falls was the number of total falls among participants who experienced two or more falls over the 3-year follow-up. Participants with one or no falls were not included in analysis for recurrent fall. For example, if a participant fell twice and another fell five times during the 3-year follow-up, the number of recurrent falls were counted as two and five, respectively