Table 1.
Baseline Data of the Original Cohort
| Variable | Total (n=3399) | Survivors (n=3102) | Non-Survivors (n=297) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age | 68.00 (60.00, 76.00) | 68.00 (60.00, 75.00) | 73.00 (66.00, 80.00) | <0.001 |
| Male | 1558 (45.84) | 1424 (45.91) | 134 (45.12) | 0.795 |
| BMI | 27.70 (22.42, 34.31) | 28.07 (22.61, 34.81) | 25.66 (20.70, 30.41) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 2819 (82.94) | 2556 (82.40) | 263 (88.55) | 0.026 |
| Black | 306 (9) | 289 (9.32) | 17 (5.72) | |
| Others | 274 (8.06) | 257 (8.28) | 17 (5.72) | |
| Vital signs | ||||
| HR (beats/min) | 90.00 (81.00, 99.00) | 90.00 (80.00, 99.00) | 92.00 (86.00, 106.00) | <0.01 |
| RR (beats/min) | 21.00 (18.00, 23.00) | 21.00 (18.00, 23.00) | 21.00 (19.00, 24.00) | 0.007 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122.26 (110.70, 132.00) | 122.26 (111.18, 132.66) | 114.00 (103.32, 123.44) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 66.90 (60.00, 72.84) | 66.90 (60.33, 73.20) | 63.92 (56.72, 68.87) | <0.001 |
| SpO2 (%) | 96.00 (94.38, 97.55) | 96.00 (94.38, 97.53) | 96.15 (94.53, 97.59) | 0.180 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 571 (16.8) | 526 (16.96) | 45 (15.15) | 0.427 |
| Diabetes | 519 (15.27) | 470 (15.15) | 49 (16.50) | 0.538 |
| Congestive heart failure | 672 (19.77) | 610 (19.66) | 62 (20.88) | 0.617 |
| Myocardial infarction | 118 (3.47) | 96 (3.09) | 22 (7.41) | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 157 (4.62) | 146 (4.71) | 11 (3.70) | 0.431 |
| Liver disease | 40 (1.18) | 30 (0.97) | 10 (3.37) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal hemorrhage | 70 (2.06) | 55 (1.77) | 15 (5.05) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 198 (5.83) | 173 (5.58) | 25 (8.42) | 0.046 |
| End stage renal disease | 46 (1.35) | 45 (1.45) | 1 (0.34) | 0.185 |
| Acute renal failure | 439 (12.92) | 362 (11.67) | 77 (25.93) | <0.001 |
| Malignant tumor | 77 (2.27) | 64 (2.06) | 13 (4.38) | 0.010 |
| Sepsis | 532 (15.65) | 443 (14.28) | 89 (29.97) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory | ||||
| Hemoglobin(g/dL) | 11.89 (10.45, 13.25) | 11.90 (10.50, 13.30) | 11.20 (9.80, 12.55) | <0.001 |
| WBC(K/uL) | 10.85 (7.95, 14.20) | 10.70 (7.90, 13.80) | 12.90 (8.50, 18.15) | <0.001 |
| PLT(K/uL) | 213.00 (167.00, 265.00) | 214.00 (167.50, 264.50) | 209.00 (158.00, 273.00) | 0.493 |
| RDW(%) | 15.20 (14.00, 16.25) | 15.15 (14.00, 16.20) | 15.40 (14.10, 16.50) | 0.181 |
| Glucose(mg/dL) | 168.84 (144.45, 170.38) | 168.84 (144.85, 170.00) | 168.84 (139.50, 171.50) | 0.332 |
| Sodium(mmol/L) | 138.50 (135.50, 141.00) | 138.50 (135.67, 141.00) | 138.50 (135.50, 141.00) | 0.399 |
| Potassium(mmol/L) | 4.30 (3.90, 4.68) | 4.30 (3.90, 4.65) | 4.30 (3.90, 4.80) | 0.306 |
| Calcium(mg/dL) | 8.71 (8.30, 9.10) | 8.71 (8.35, 9.10) | 8.52 (8.00, 9.00) | <0.001 |
| PH | 7.30 (7.30, 7.40) | 7.30 (7.30, 7.40) | 7.30 (7.30, 7.40) | 0.966 |
| PaO2(mmHg) | 104.47 (75.69, 112.83) | 104.31 (75.67, 111.42) | 106.57 (75.80, 124.33) | 0.107 |
| PaCO2(mmHg) | 60.25 (48.90, 68.65) | 60.25 (49.00, 69.00) | 60.25 (46.67, 64.50) | 0.113 |
| Anion gap(mEq/L) | 9.79 (7.00, 12.68) | 9.76 (7.00, 12.59) | 10.00 (7.00, 13.20) | 0.354 |
| Bicarbonate(mmol/L) | 29.78 (25.00, 34.00) | 29.78 (25.00, 34.00) | 28.50 (24.50, 33.00) | 0.012 |
| BUN(mg/dL) | 21.50 (15.00, 33.00) | 21.00 (14.50, 32.00) | 30.00 (20.00, 43.00) | <0.001 |
| Cr(mg/dL) | 0.97 (0.70, 1.40) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.35) | 1.14 (0.75, 1.84) | <0.001 |
| BCR | 21.76 (16.50, 28.75) | 21.53 (16.29, 28.30) | 25.13 (18.89, 32.64) | <0.001 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Corticosteroid | 385 (11.33) | 362 (11.67) | 23 (7.74) | 0.041 |
| Bronchodilators | 499 (14.68) | 458 (14.76) | 41 (13.80) | 0.655 |
| Invasive-ventilation | 235 (6.91) | 194 (6.25) | 41 (13.80) | <0.001 |
| Dialysis | 81 (2.38) | 75 (2.42) | 6 (2.02) | 0.668 |
| APACHE-IV | 58.00 (48.00, 64.50) | 58.00 (47.00, 63.00) | 64.00 (58.00, 86.00) | <0.001 |
| ICU stay (day) | 2.73 (1.72, 4.71) | 2.73 (1.72, 4.71) | 4.18 (2.42, 7.19) | <0.001 |
Notes: A p-value less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant.
Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; HR, Heart Rate; RR, Respiratory Rate; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP, Diastolic Blood Pressure; RDW, Red Blood Cell Distribution Width; WBC, White Blood Cell; PLT, Platelet; Cr, Creatinine; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; BCR, BUN to Creatinine ratio.