Fig. 1.

Representative cases of each three groups. A: The foot with 47°of HVA in a 70-year-old woman (40°≤HVA < 50° group). Standing x-ray images at preoperative (A-1) and final follow-up (A-2). B: The foot with 55°of HVA in a 63-year-old woman (50°≤ HVA < 60° group). Standing x-ray images at preoperative (B-1) and final follow-up (B-2). C: The foot with 93° of HVA in a 45-year-old woman (HVA ≥ 60° group). Standing x-ray images at preoperative (C-1), just after surgery (C-2), and final follow-up (C-3). In this case, patient also complained the painful callosities on the bottom of 2nd and 3rd MTP joint, so metatarsal shortening offset osteotomy was added