Table 3.

Interventions for which we have sound evidence of impact at the level of activity/participation — multiple sclerosis (MS)

Intervention description	Target of the intervention (cognitive, psychosocial, behavioural, emotional)	Target clinical population	Resources, skills and training required	Evidence-based considerations
Modified Story Memory Technique (mSMT), also called Kessler Foundation–modified Story Memory Technique	Cognitive: learning and memory Emotional: mood Behavioural: apathy	Multiple sclerosis (MS)	Therapist with general cognitive rehabilitation skills; Knowledge of MS is required	Has been found to benefit memory performance, self-reported everyday memory and general contentment, and family report of apathy and executive dysfunction (Chen et al., 2021; Chiaravalloti et al., 2013; Goverover et al., 2008, 2018b; Kalb et al., 2018; Taylor et al., 2021) This is recommended as a Practice Standard in MS (Goverover et al., 2018a, b)
Self-generation	Cognitive: learning and memory Behavioural: self-regulation Emotional: mood symptoms Psychosocial: quality of life	Multiple sclerosis (MS)	Therapist with general cognitive rehabilitation skills; Knowledge of MS is required	Benefits for memory performance, recall of activities of daily living, self-regulation, functional status, affective symptomatology, and quality of life (Basso et al., 2006; Chiaravalloti et al., 2005; Goverover et al., 2018a, b; Taylor et al., 2021) This is recommended as a practice option in MS (Goverover et al., 2018a, b)
Visual imagery	Cognitive: autobiographical memory	Multiple sclerosis (MS)	Requires a therapist with cognitive rehabilitation skills and specific knowledge or training in visual imagery	Has been found to improve autobiographical memory (Ernst et al., 2012, 2015; Goverover et al., 2018b; Impellizzeri et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2021) This is recommended as a practice option in MS (Goverover et al., 2018a, b)