Table 1.

Summary of image segmentation methods.

Reference	Field	Summary
37	General	Hybrid firefly and PSO algorithm for six benchmark images
38	General	A quantum-behaved PSO for six benchmark images
39	General	Parallel multi-verse optimizer (MVO) for eight benchmark images
40	General	EO for seven benchmark images
41	General	Hybrid arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) and harris hawks optimization (HHO)
42	Medical	Snake optimizer (SO) for color image segmentation in agricultural diseases
43	Medical	PSO for 2D MRI images
44	Medical	PSO for brain tumor images
45	Medical	Sailfish optimizer algorithm (SOA) for abdominal, lung, and brain images
46	Remote sensing	Ant colony optimization (ACO), PSO, and genetic algorithm (GA) for long-term detection
47	Remote sensing	DE for air pollution
48	Remote sensing	Cuckoo search (CS) based on Renyi entropy
49	Remote sensing	African vultures optimization algorithm (AVOA) for Geological images
50	Crack detection	Invasive weed optimization algorithm (IWOA) for bi-level thresholding
3	Crack detection	PSO based on the minimum arithmetic-geometric divergence
51	Security monitoring	A hybrid algorithm for finding spoiled food
52	Security monitoring	PSO for PCB defect detection