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. 2024 Nov 29;15:10409. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54687-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Raw SHWS image acquired from a human eye after subtracting a dark image acquired with no input light. Even with a short wavefront sensor integration time of 0.126 ms, the SHWS image acquired with AO off shows well-defined focal spots. DN, digital number. b Squared magnitude of the noise transfer functions of conventional and ultrafast AO. The sampling rates (AO loop rates) were 10 Hz and 233 Hz for conventional and ultrafast AO, respectively, using the discontinuous-exposure scheme. The sampling rate was 342 Hz using the continuous-exposure scheme.