Table 1.

Summary of the key speed-related performance parameters of ultrafast ophthalmic AO and comparison with reported ophthalmic AO systems

Speed related parameters	Ultrafast AO	Conventional AO
SHWS integration time	0.126 ms	10–60 ms32–34,36,37,55
Data processing time	0.5 ms	≥6.5 ms54
Latencya	3.1 ms	≥20 ms32,33,36,53,55
Time to reach diffraction limit
model eye	4.3 ms	100 ms54
living human eye	4.3–8.6 ms	≥200 ms36,40,53,73,74,82
AO bandwidth	38.0 Hz	≤4 Hz55
		≤1.4 Hz for most systems32–37

^aLatency is defined as the time delay between the average exposure start time across rows of the SHWS camera and completion of the DM update^83,84, indicated as T_latency in the timing diagram in Supplementary Fig. 1.