Table 1.
Data extracted from included studies
| Author | Year | Country |
# MS
CASE - CONTROL |
EDSS | Age | Education Level | Disease Duration | PASAT |
SDMT
Case/control |
CVLT
long delay |
Key Findings | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexa K Stuifbergen (19) | 2012 | USA | 34 F: 29 M: 5 |
27 F: 25 M: 2 |
42.6 (10.7) 47.4 (9.6) |
41.9 (12.4) 47.2 (10.70 |
44.6 (10.4) 4 9.7 (12.7) |
46.3 (13.7) 50.6 (13.1) |
11.3 (3.8) 12.5 (4.1) |
10.9 (4.0) 11.4 (4.1) |
Given the large relative increase in use of compensatory strategies by the intervention group, it holds promise for enhancing cognitive function in persons with multiple sclerosis. | ||||||||
| S. Bonavita (20) | 2014 | Italy | 18 F: 18 M: 0 |
- | 5 (1) | - | 49 (8) | - | 11 (4) | - | 22 (8) | - | 30.62 (9.41) 40.00 (7.76) |
23.4 (4.2) 28.2 (7.9) |
This exploratory study suggests that in cognitively impaired RRMS patients, computer-aided cognitive rehabilitation improves cognitive performances (i.e., processing speed and visual and verbal sustained memory), and increases FC in the PCC and IPC of the DMN. | ||||
| Laura De Giglio (21) | 2015 | Italy | 18 F: 14 M: 4 |
17 F: 12 M:5 |
3.25 (2-6) median – range |
2 (2-4) median - range |
44.64 (7.63) |
42.99 (9.42) | 13.94 (2.90) | 14.06 (3.57) | 13.28 (8.28) | 11.4 (7.45) | 24.83 (6.35) 36.28 (10.5) |
32.12 (9.82) 31.69 (9.06) |
39.22 (9.68) 47.44 (11.465) |
34.56 (8.03) 38.59 (8.6) |
Results of this study provides that a home-based cognitive rehabilitation program may improve cognitive functions, some aspects of QoL, and cognitive fatigue in MS patients. | ||
| Yael Goverover (22) | 2017 | USA | 19 F: 13 M: 6 |
18 F: 12 M: 4 |
50.15 (9.121) | 48.5 (8.8) |
16 (2.1) | 15.2 (2.3) | 11.1 (6.5) | 11.4 (7.1) |
10.1 (3.9) 11.6 (3.4) |
8.8 (3.7) 10.5 (4) |
The results of this study proved that the self-GEN behavioral intervention improves memory, self-regulation, functional status, affective symptomatology, and QOL in MS patients. | ||||||
| Oiane Rilo (23) | 2016 | USA | 21 F: 13 M: 8 |
21 F: 14 M: 7 |
3.52 (1.59) | 2.50 (1.85) | 43.90 (9.51) |
43.67 (6.89) |
13.00 (3.03) | 13.95 (3.12) | 9.95 (7.84) | 10.67 (5.79) | 36.67 (9.23) 42.62 (12.46) |
46.43 (13.46) 47.52 (13) |
Patients receiving cognitive rehabilitation showed improvements in several cognitive domains. This preliminary study thus provides evidence supporting the efficacy of this integrative group-based cognitive rehabilitation intervention in MS. | ||||
| Anu Mäntynen (24) | 2014 | Finland | 58 F: 45 M: 13 |
40 F: 31 M: 9 |
43.5 (8.7) | 44.1 (8.8) | 13.6 (2.3) | 13.8 (2.6) | 9.2 (6.6) | 10.1 (7.1) | 41.3 (11.7) 46.7 (11.8) |
37.4 (11.9) 43.5 (11) |
Strategy-oriented neuropsychological rehabilitation did not improve cognitive performance but reduced perceived cognitive deficits in MS. | ||||||
| Laura M. Hancock (25) | 2015 | USA | 30 | 30 | 50.65 (6.32) | 49.13 (10.09) | 14.65 (2.06) | 16.33 (3.11) | 80.79 (15.99) 93.64 (15.49) |
76.00 (27.06) 78.57 (24.65) |
49.40 (11.02) 53.13 (10.79) |
49.40 (19.16) 50.67 (15.86) |
The current study supports that cognitive training with MS patients may produce moderate improvement in select areas of cognitive functioning. | ||||||
| Brian M. Sandroff (26) | 2013 | USA | 18 | 18 | 45.4 (10.1 | 49.0 (10.0) | 9.0 (7.2) | 12.7 (9.7) | 60.83 (13.6) 66.44 (12.8) |
57.25 (11.7) 58.38 (11.9) |
PDDS 0–2 The results showed that physical activity is a promising tool for managing cognitive impairment and impaired walking performance in patients with MS. Furthermore, physical activity might affect cognition specifically and walking performance non-specifically. |
||||||||
| Brian M. Sandroff (26) | 2013 | USA | 19 | 21 | 52.1 (6.4) | 51.6 (6.7) | 12.3 (6.3) | 14.0 (9.0) | 54.56 (10.8) 53.31 (12.3) |
51.10 (11.1) 52.15 (10.1) |
PDDS 3–6 The results showed that physical activity is a promising tool for managingcognitive impairment and impaired walking performancein patients with MS. Further, physical activity might affect cognition specifically and walking performance non-specifically. |
||||||||
MS: Multiple Sclerosis, PASAT: Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, SDMT: The Symbol Digit Modalities Test, CVLT: California Verbal Learning Test, RRMS: Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis, FC: Functional Connectivity, QoL: Quality of Life, PCC: Posterior Cingulate Cortex, IPC: Inferior Parietal Cortex, DMN: Default Mode Network, Patient Determined Disease Steps (PDDS).