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. 2024 Nov 29;14:29720. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-80986-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Comparison of UPLC-MS/MS-based amino acid profiles between the BPH group and the PCa group reveals significant differences. A Comparison of serum AA concentrations between the BPH group and the PCa group, analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Significant differences were observed for specific AAs, as indicated by *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001. B OPLS-DA score plot illustrating the discrimination between serum AA profiles from the BPH group (blue) and the PCa group (red). C VIP scores derived from the OPLS-DA model, showing the importance of serum AAs in distinguishing between the two groups (VIP > 1 was considered significant). Sample sizes were n = 30 for the BPH group and n = 35 for the PCa group.