Fig. 1.

The mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of EVs produced in response to exercise of varying intensities (Figure created with BioRender.com). EVs, extracellular vesicles; SOD3, extracellular superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; MAP2K1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1; SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1; HIF-$\alpha$, hypoxia-inducible factor alpha; MMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3; HSP27, heat shock protein 27; NF-$\kappa$B, nuclear factor $\kappa$B; Nampt, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase.