. 2024 Nov 4;25(11):392. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2511392

Table 2.

The main research on the promotion of cardiovascular health by exercise-induced EVs.

Research subjects	Exercise protocols			EVs cargo changes	Functional changes	Literature sources
Research subjects	Intensity	Duration and frequency	Forms	EVs cargo changes	Functional changes	Literature sources
Healthy adults (n = 3)	50% VO_2max	One time, 45 min	Treadmill running	SOD3 $\uparrow$	Promoting angiogenesis in endothelial cells	[25]
Healthy men (n = 21)	70% HR_max	One time, 30 min	Treadmill running	MAP2K1 $\uparrow$	Protecting cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress	[91]
Healthy men (n = 10)	60 s of exercise, with a 75 s rest in between, repeated for a total of 10 sets	One time	Cycling	miR-126-3p $\uparrow$	Protecting endothelial cells from hypoxic damage	[11]
Healthy men (n = 40)	70% VO_2max	20 min	Cycling	Nampt $\uparrow$	Suppressing myocardial cell apoptosis and promoting their survival	[71]
Young man (n = 17)	140% VO_2max for 20 s and rest for 10 s in between, repeated for a total of 8 sets	4 min	Cycling	CAT $\uparrow$	Providing protective effects on the heart	[78]
8–10 week-old C57BL/6J mice	5 m/min	60 min/d, 5 d/w, 4 w	Treadmill running	miR-126 $\uparrow$	Inducing the recruitment of EPCs to the site of injury to maintain endothelial integrity	[81]
db/db mice	7 m/min	300 m/d, 8 w	Treadmill running	miR-445 $\uparrow$ , miR-29b $\uparrow$	Preventing myocardial fibrosis and uncoupling	[60]
Adult male	6.59 m/min	40 min/d, 6 d/w, 4 w	Wheel training	miR-338 $\downarrow$	Protecting brain microvascular endothelial cells	[82]
Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats performed transient middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery	6.59 m/min	40 min/d, 6 d/w, 4 w	Wheel training	miR-338 $\downarrow$	Protecting brain microvascular endothelial cells	[82]
8 week-old C57BL/6J mice	18 m/min	60 min/d, 9d	Treadmill running	miR-122-5p $\uparrow$	Enhancing endothelial cell fatty acid utilization to promote angiogenesis	[46]
7–8 week-old hypertensive transgenic mice	10 m/min	60 min/d, 5 d/w,8 w	Treadmill running	miR-27a $\uparrow$	Suppressing ROS production in N2a cells to prevent damage caused by oxidative stress	[83]
8–10 week-old C57BL/6J mice	10 m/min	5 d/w, 4 w	Treadmill running	miR-126 $\uparrow$	Decreasing cell apoptosis	[28]
2-month-old and 22-month-old Wistar rats	60% VO_2max	20 min/time, 3 times/w, 12 w	Aerobic, acrobatic, resistance and combined	BDNF $\uparrow$	Promoting the recovery of neurological function after stroke	[70]
8–10 week-old C57BL/6J mice	-	30 min/d, 4 w	Swimming	-	Alleviating atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice	[35]
6–8 week-old C57BL/6J mice	-	90 min/d, 2 times/d, 4 w	Swimming	miR-125-5p $\uparrow$ miR-128-3p $\uparrow$ miR-30d-5p $\uparrow$	Protecting the heart from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury	[8]
6 week-old SD rats	-	90 min/d, 7 times/w, 4 w	Swimming	miR342-5p $\uparrow$	Protecting the heart against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion	[26]

Notes: SOD3, extracellular superoxide dismutase; MAP2K1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1; Nampt, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; CAT, catalase; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells; ROS, reactive oxygen species; N2a cell, mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; EVs, extracellular vesicles; VO_2max, maximal oxygen uptake; HR_max, maximal heart rate; d, day; w, week; m, minute. $\uparrow{}$ indicates increase, $\downarrow{}$ indicates decrease.