. 2024 Nov 15;28(6):101142. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2024.101142

Table 1.

Participant characteristics of the 36 included studies. Studies are ordered alphabetically by first author and year of publication.

Study	Study design	Included participants (n)	Sex	Age, years *(mean ± SD)* [range]	GMFCS level (n)	Distribution and motor type of CP (n)
Balemans et al.²³^,^‡	Cross-sectional case-control analysis (data from mixed designs)	TD: 31	Boys: 14 Girls: 17	10.0 ± 1.6	na	na
Balemans et al.²³^,^‡		CP: 70	Boys: 35 Girls: 35	9.9 ± 1.6 10.3 ± 2.4 9.5 ± 2.0	GMFCS I: 36 GMFCS II: 24 GMFCS III: 10	Unilateral spastic: 26 Bilateral spastic: 41 Dyskinetic: 2 Ataxic: 1
Balemans et al.²⁴^,^‡	Secondary analysis RCT	CP: 46	Boys: 26 Girls: 20	9.6 ± 1.7	GMFCS I: 26 GMFCS II: 12 GMFCS III: 8	Unilateral spastic: 22 Bilateral spastic: 24
Balemans et al.²⁵^,^‡	Secondary analysis RCT	CP: 46	Boys: 26 Girls: 20	9.6 ± 1.7	GMFCS I: 26 GMFCS II: 12 GMFCS III: 8	Unilateral spastic: 22 Bilateral spastic: 24
Balemans et al.²⁶	Cross-sectional case-control study	TD: 20	Boys: 8 Girls: 12	11.7 ± 3.4	na	na
Balemans et al.²⁶	Cross-sectional case-control study	CP: 37	Boys: 18 Girls: 19	11.3 ± 3.1 13.9 ± 3.6 16.3 ± 4.9	GMFCS I: 13 GMFCS II: 17 GMFCS III: 7	Unilateral spastic: 6 Bilateral spastic: 31
Brehm et al.²⁷^,^‡	Clinimetric study (test-retest)	CP: 16	Boys: 9 Girls: 7	10.5 ± 2.1	GMFCS I: 3 GMFCS II: 11 GMFCS III: 2	Unilateral spastic: 2 Bilateral spastic: 14
Dahlbäck and Norlin²⁸	UCT	CP: 6	NR	[9–15]	NR	Bilateral spastic: 6
Dallmeijer and Brehm²⁹	Cross-sectional case-control study	TD: 10	Boys: 5 Girls: 5	9.8 ± 2.9	na	na
Dallmeijer and Brehm²⁹	Cross-sectional case-control study	CP: 8	Boys: 4 Girls: 4	9.9 ± 3.0	GMFCS I: 7 GMFCS II: 1	Unilateral spastic: 3 Bilateral spastic: 5
Depiazzi et al.³⁰	Pilot RCT	CP control: 6	Boys: 2 Girls: 4	14.7 ± 2.5	GMFCS II: 6	NR
Depiazzi et al.³⁰	Pilot RCT	CP intervention: 6	Boys: 3 Girls: 3	14.1 ± 1.6	GMFCS II: 6	NR
Garcia et al.³¹	Cross-sectional case-control study	TD: 40	Boys: 21 Girls: 19	11.0 ± 3.6	na	na
Garcia et al.³¹	Cross-sectional case-control study	CP: 40	Boys: 21 Girls: 19	11.0 ± 3.3	GMFCS levels I and II	Bilateral spastic: 40
Hoofwijk et al.³²^,^‡	Cross-sectional case-control study	TD: 9	Boys: 7 Girls: 2	14.0 ± 2.4	na	na
Hoofwijk et al.³²^,^‡	Cross-sectional case-control study	CP: 9	Boys: 7 Girls: 2	13.5 ± 2.7	NR	Unilateral spastic: 1 Bilateral spastic: 8
Jung et al.³³	Preliminary case series study	TD: 2	Boys: 1 Girls: 1	9.5 ± 3.5^*	na	na
Jung et al.³³	Preliminary case series study	CP: 4	Boys: 3 Girls: 1	11 ± 3.4^*	GMFCS I: 1 GMFCS II: 3	Unilateral spastic: 2 Bilateral spastic: 2
Kim et al.³⁴^,^‡	Baseline data RCT	CP: 40	Boys: 21 Girls: 19	7.4 ± 1.6	GMFCS I: 21 GMFCS II: 19	Unilateral spastic: 18 Bilateral spastic: 22
Klimek-Piskorz and Piskorz³⁵	Cross-sectional study	CP: 14	NR	[16–17]	NR	Spastic: 14
Klimek-Piskorz et al.³⁶	Cross-sectional case-control study	TD: 10	Boys: 10 Girls:	16.1 ± 0.3	na	na
Klimek-Piskorz et al.³⁶	Cross-sectional case-control study	CP: 10	Boys: 10 Girls:	16.7 ± 0.5	NR	Bilateral spastic: 10
Klimek-Piskorz³⁷	UCT	CP: 8	Boys: 8 Girls:	17.5 ± 0.3	NR	Bilateral Spastic: 8
Lauglo et al.³⁸	UCT	CP: 20	Boys: 11 Girls: 9	14 [13–16]^#	GMFCS I: 8 GMFCS II: 4 GMFCS III: 3 GMFCS IV: 5	Unilateral spastic: 9 Bilateral spastic: 7 Dyskinetic: 3 Ataxic: 1
Lee et al.³⁹	Baseline data RCT	CP: 39	Boys: 21 Girls: 18	7.44 ± 1.60	GMFCS I: 21 GMFCS II: 18	Unilateral spastic: 19 Bilateral spastic: 20
Leunkeu et al.⁴⁰	Cross-sectional case-control study	TD: 10	NR	14 ± 0.6	na	na
Leunkeu et al.⁴⁰	Cross-sectional case-control study	CP: 9	NR	13 ± 1.9	NR	Unilateral spastic: 4 Bilateral spastic: 5
Leunkeu et al.²¹	Cross-sectional case-control study	TD: 8	Boys: 8 Girls:	14 ± 1	na	na
Leunkeu et al.²¹	Cross-sectional case-control study	CP: 8	Boys: 6 Girls: 2	14 ± 1	GMFCS I: 4 GMFCS II: 4	Unilateral spastic: 4 Bilateral spastic: 4
Nsenga Leunkeu et al.⁴⁴^,^‡	CCT	CP control: 12	Boys: 6 Girls: 6	14.2 ± 1.8	GMFCS I: 8 GMFCS II: 4	Unilateral spastic: 10 Bilateral spastic: 2
Nsenga Leunkeu et al.⁴⁴^,^‡	CCT	CP intervention: 12	Boys: 6 Girls: 6	14.2 ± 1.9	GMFCS I: 8 GMFCS II: 4	Unilateral spastic: 10 Bilateral spastic: 2
Nsenga et al.⁴⁵^,^‡	CCT	TD: 10	Boys: 6 Girls: 4	14.1 ± 2.1	na	na
		CP control: 10	Boys: 6 Girls: 4	14.2 ± 1.8	GMFCS I: 7 GMFCS II: 3	Unilateral spastic: 8 Bilateral spastic: 2
		CP intervention: 10	Boys: 6 Girls: 4	14.2 ± 1.9	GMFCS I: 7 GMFCS II: 3	Unilateral spastic: 8 Bilateral spastic: 2
Lundberg⁴¹	Cross-sectional case-control study	TD: 9	Boys: 6 Girls: 3	11.7 ± 0.5 11.7 ± 0.6	na	na
Lundberg⁴¹	Cross-sectional case-control study	CP: 9	Boys: 5 Girls: 4	11.4 ± 0.5 11.8 ± 0.5	NR	Bilateral spastic: 9
Lundberg⁴²	Longitudinal study (approx. 6 years)	TD: 12	Boys: 7 Girls: 5	12.3 ± 1.2	na	na
Lundberg⁴²	Longitudinal study (approx. 6 years)	CP: 26	Boys: 19 Girls: 7	11.5 ± 1.9 12.0 ± 0.3 11.2 ± 2.2	NR	Unilateral spastic: 3 Bilateral spastic: 19 Dyskinetic: 4
Maltais et al.⁴³	Cross-sectional study	CP: 11	Boys: 7 Girls: 4	13 ± 1.4	GMFCS levels I and II	Unilateral spastic: 4 Bilateral spastic: 7
Massin and Allington²²	UCT	CP: 15	Boys: 9 Girls: 6	6.5 ± 2.3^*	NR	Unilateral spastic: 9 Bilateral spastic: 6
Park et al.⁴⁶^,^‡	Pilot RCT	CP control: 13	Boys: 8 Girls: 5	7.5 ± 1.6	GMFCS I: 7 GMFCS II: 6	NR
Park et al.⁴⁶^,^‡	Pilot RCT	CP intervention: 13	Boys: 6 Girls: 7	8.2 ± 1.9	GMFCS I: 7 GMFCS II: 6	NR
Piskorz and Klimek-Piskorz⁴⁷	Clinimetric study (compares 2 test modalities)	CP: 15	Boys: 15 Girls:	[16–17]	NR	Bilateral spastic: 15
Sansare et al.⁴⁸	RCT	CP control: 11	Boys: 9 Girls: 2	13.7 ± 2.9	GMFCS II: 4 GMFCS III: 4 GMFCS IV: 3	Spastic: 11
		CP intervention I: 14	Boys: 13 Girls: 1	14.5 ± 2.4	GMFCS II: 6 GMFCS III: 3 GMFCS IV: 5	Spastic: 14
		CP intervention II: 11	Boys: 8 Girls: 3	12.7 ± 2.1	GMFCS II: 2 GMFCS III: 4 GMFCS IV: 5	Spastic: 11
Suk and Kwon⁴⁹^,^‡	RCT	CP control: 23	Boys: 12 Girls: 11	7.2 ± 1.5	GMFCS I: 11 GMFCS II: 10 GMFCS III: 2	Unilateral spastic: 9 Bilateral spastic: 14
Suk and Kwon⁴⁹^,^‡	RCT	CP intervention: 23	Boys: 12 Girls: 11	7.7 ± 1.6	GMFCS I: 10 GMFCS II: 9 GMFCS III: 4	Unilateral spastic: 10 Bilateral spastic: 13
Unnithan et al.⁵⁰^,^‡	Cross-sectional case-control study	TD: 9	Boys: 7 Girls: 2	13.6 ± 2.1	na	na
Unnithan et al.⁵⁰^,^‡	Cross-sectional case-control study	CP: 9	Boys: 7 Girls: 2	12.7 ± 2.8	NR	Unilateral spastic: 1 Bilateral spastic: 8
Unnithan et al.⁵¹	CCT	CP control: 6	Boys: 2 Girls: 4	15.7 ± 1.2	GMFCS levels II and III	Bilateral spastic: 6
Unnithan et al.⁵¹	CCT	CP intervention: 7	Boys: 2 Girls: 5	15.9 ± 1.5	GMFCS levels II and III	Bilateral spastic: 7
Van Wely et al.⁵²^,^‡	RCT	CP control: 24	Boys: 16 Girls: 8	10.0 ± 1.8	GMFCS I: 13 GMFCS II: 6 GMFCS III: 5	Unilateral spastic: 11 Bilateral spastic: 13
Van Wely et al.⁵²^,^‡	RCT	CP intervention: 25	Boys: 12 Girls: 13	9.5 ± 1.5	GMFCS I: 15 GMFCS II: 6 GMFCS III: 4	Unilateral spastic: 12 Bilateral spastic: 13
Verschuren et al.⁵³^,^‡	Clinimetric study (compares 2 test modalities)	CP: 25	Boys: 15 Girls: 10	11.5 ± 2.8 12.5 ± 3.0	GMFCS I: 14 GMFCS II: 11	NR
Verschuren and Takken²⁰^,^‡	Cross-sectional study	CP: 24	Boys: 16 Girls: 8	11.2 ± 2.8 12.5 ± 3.0	GMFCS I: 13 GMFCS II: 11	Unilateral spastic: 12 Bilateral spastic: 12
Verschuren et al.⁵⁴	Clinimetric study (compares 2 test modalities)	CP: 23	Boys: 18 Girls: 5	13.3 ± 3.6	GMFCS III: 3 GMFCS IV: 20	Spastic: 23
Zwinkels et al.⁵⁵^,^‡ 2004-matched sample	Comparing 2004 and 2014 samples	CP: 15	Boys: 10 Girls: 5	11.9 ± 2.8 13.4 ± 2.0	GMFCS I: 8 GMFCS II: 7	Spastic: 15
2014-matched sample	Comparing 2004 and 2014 samples	CP: 15	Boys: 10 Girls: 5	12.0 ± 2.7 13.5 ± 2.9	GMFCS I: 8 GMFCS II: 7	Spastic: 15
Total^#		TD: 180 CP: 843	Boys: 586 Girls: 398 *Missing:39*	CP: 12.62 (SE 0.54)^⁎⁎ TD: 12.43 (SE 0.72)^⁎⁎	GMFCS I: 302 GMFCS II: 242 GMFCS III: 67 GMFCS IV: 38 GMFCS V: 0 *Missing: 194*	Unilateral spastic: 245 Bilateral spastic: 421 Spastic: 103 Dyskinetic: 9 Ataxic: 2 *Missing: 63*

^‡

Study shows overlap in participants with other study/studies.

^⁎

Data were available per participant, and therefore the mean and standard deviation were manually calculated.

Data reported as median (IQR).

^⁎⁎

Pooled average of age of unique children

Abbreviations: CCT, controlled clinical trial; CP, cerebral palsy; n, number; na, not applicable; NR, not reported; RCT, Randomized Controlled Trial; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; TD, typically developing; UCT, uncontrolled clinical trial.