Table 1.
Participants’ demographics and music practice habits
| Entire sample (N = 235) | PRMDs 12 months sample (N = 86) | Non-PRMDs sample (N = 149) | p values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years, Mean ± SD) | 24.8 ± 4.3 | 24.0 ± 4.1 | 25.2 ± 4.5 | 0.04 |
| Sex N (%) | ||||
| Women | 151 (64%) | 59 (69%) | 92 (62%) | 0.36 |
| Men | 84 (36%) | 27 (31%) | 57 (38%) | |
| Height (cm, Mean ± SD) | 169 ± 9 | 168 ± 9 | 170 ± 9 | 0.06 |
| Weight (kg, Mean ± SD) | 63 ± 12 | 62 ± 13 | 64 ± 12 | 0.51 |
| Hand dominance N (%) | ||||
| Right | 209 (89%); | 76 (88%); | 133 (89%); | 0.44 |
| Left | 21 (9%); | 10 (12%); | 11 (7%); | 0.14 |
| Ambidextrous | 5 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (3%) | |
|
Musical practice onset (age, Mean ± SD) |
8.1 ± 4.2 | 7.4 ± 4.2 | 8.5 ± 4.2 | 0.07 |
| Number of practice years on the main instrument (years, Mean ± SD) | 15.5 ± 4.8 | 15.6 ± 4.8 | 15.4 ± 4.8 | 0.66 |
| Second instrument (yes) N (%) | 142 (60%) | 51 (59%) | 91 (61%) | 0.90 |
| Third Instrument (yes) N (%) | 40 (17%) | 16 (19%) | 24 (17%) | 0.77 |
| Hours practiced played before starting at the HEM (h/day, Mean ± SD) | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 3.4 ± 1.6 | 3.5 ± 1.9 | 0.65 |
| Academic level N (%) | ||||
| - Bachelor 1 | 49 (21%) | 20 (23%) | 29 (19%) | 0.59 |
| - Bachelor 2 | 40 (17%) | 18 (21%) | 22 (15% | |
| - Bachelor 3 | 31 (13%) | 9 (10%) | 22 (15%) | |
| - Master 1 | 51 (22%) | 18 (21%) | 33 (22%) | |
| - Master 2 | 64 (27%) | 21 (25%) | 43 (29%) | |
| Hours practiced at the HEM (h/day, Mean ± SD) | 4.1 ± 1.7 | 4.1 ± 1.5 | 4.1 ± 1.8 | 0.93 |
| Breaks N (%) | ||||
| - < 1h | 33 (14%) | 17 (20%) | 16 (11%) | 0.04 |
| - ≥ 1h | 101 (43%) | 40 (47%) | 61 (41%) | |
| - Irregular | 101 (43%) | 29 (34%) | 72 (48%) | |
| Preferred practice hours N (%) | ||||
| - Early AM | 113 (48%) | |||
| - End AM | 91 (39%) | |||
| - Early PM | 108 (46%) | - | - | - |
| - End PM | 67 (28%) | |||
| - Evening | 39 (17%) | |||
| Musical training constraints N (%) | ||||
| - None | 59 (25%) | 15 (17%) | 44 (30%) | 0.06 |
| - Neighbors | 22 (9%) | 12 (14%) | 10 (7%) | 0.11 |
| - Student schedule | 138 (59%) | 58 (67%) | 80 (54%) | 0.054 |
| - Work outside study | 58 (25%) | 27 (31%) | 31 (21%) | 0.10 |
| - Deadlines | 51 (22%) | 18 (21%) | 33 (22%) | 0.95 |
| - Available room or workplace | 71 (30%) | 31 (36%) | 40 (27%) | 0.18 |
| - Other | 13 (6%) | 7 (8%) | 6 (4%) | 0.30 |
| Physical exercises N (%): | ||||
| - Warm-up | 99 (42%) | 29 (34%) | 70 (47%) | 0.02 |
| - Warm-up and recovery | 36 (15%) | 21 (24%) | 15 (10%) | |
| - Recovery | 7 (3%) | 3 (3%) | 4 (3%) | |
| - None | 93 (40%) | 33 (38%) | 60 (40%) | |
| Musical practice position N (%): | ||||
| - Sitting | 78 (33%) | 27 (31%) | 51 (34%) | 0.36 |
| - Standing | 50 (21%) | 15 (17%) | 35 (23%) | |
| - Both | 107 (46%) | 44 (51%) | 63 (42%) | |
| Practice posture upper limbs (N = 235) N (%) | ||||
| - Frontal, neutral, singing | 123 (52%) | 41 (48%) | 82 (55%) | 0.15 |
| - One left, one right, quad left | 96 (41%) | 42 (49%) | 54 (36%) | |
| - Others | 16 (7%) | 3 (2%) | 13 (9%) | |
In the last column, p-values resulting from the Chi2/t-tests comparing PRMDs and Non-PRMDs samples are provided