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. 2024 Nov 30;16:259. doi: 10.1186/s13195-024-01623-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — TRP and NAD pathway associated genes show significant differential DNA (hydroxy)methylation levels. Shown are significant CpG sites with its corresponding gene name in the tryptophan metabolic pathway (A-C) and NAD pathway (D-F) with up (red) or down (blue) regulation in the middle temporal gyrus of AD patients compared to age-matched controls. A, D Differential methylation (5mC) expression. (B, E) Differential hydroxymethylation (5hmC) expression. C, F Differential unmodified (5uC) expression. Differential expression is presented as log2 fold change. Differential regulation was assessed using limma differential DNA (hydroxy)methylation level analysis and p < 0.05 was considered significant. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01. Error bars represent standard error of mean (SEM)