Table 1. Summary for PSC or tissue derived organoids and their application.
| Organoid types | Initial cells | 3D culture: embedded in gel or suspended in a plate | Applications & Significance | Author(s),year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver | PHHs & liver NPCs | BME | Hepatotoxicity test | Messner et al., 2013 |
| hiPSCs | Matrigel | Generation of a vascularized and functional human liver bud from PSCs | Takebe et al., 2013 | |
| Patient liver cells | BME | Modelling of primary liver cancer | Broutier et al., 2017 | |
| hiPSCs | ULA plate | Modelling of liver development | Takebe et al., 2017 | |
| PMHs | ULA plate | Recapitulation of liver regeneration potential | Peng et al., 2018 | |
| PMH & PHH | Matrigel | Recapitulation of the proliferative damage-response of hepatocytes | Zilch et al., 2018 | |
| hiPSCs | ULA plate | Modelling of hepatitis B virus infection | Nie et al., 2018a | |
| hPSCs | Matrigel | Prediction of toxicity and the evaluation of drugs for hepatic steatosis | Mun et al., 2019 | |
| Patient liver cells | BME | Drug screening for anti-HBV activity and drug-induced toxicity | De Crignis et al., 2021 | |
| PHHs | Matrigel | High-throughput screening of chemical and food-derived compounds with anti-hyperuricemic bioactivity | Hou et al., 2022 | |
| hiPSCs | Matrigel | High-throughput | Shrestha et al., 2024 | |
| Pancreas | Mouse pancreatic epithelial cells | Matrigel | Modelling of pancreatic development | Huch et al., 2013 |
| Patient tumor cells | Matrigel | Modelling of pancreatic tumorigenesis | Boj et al., 2015 | |
| Mouse islet EpCAM+ cells | Matrigel | Rescuing streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in mice | Wang et al., 2020 | |
| hiPSCs | Matrigel | Rescuing streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in mice | Yoshihara et al., 2020 | |
| hPSCs | Matrigel | Modelling of the development of exocrine pancreas | Huang et al., 2021 | |
| hPSCs | Matrigel | Modelling of the development of hepato-biliary-pancreatic | Koike et al., 2019 | |
| Lung | hPSCs | Matrigel | Modelling of lung development | Dye et al., 2015 |
| hPSCs | Matrigel | Modelling of lung development | Miller et al., 2018 | |
| hPSCs | Matrigel | Modelling of fibrotic lung disease | Strikoudis et al., 2019 | |
| Patient pulmonary cells | Matrigel | Modelling of non-small cell lung cancer | Shi et al., 2020 | |
| Patient pulmonary cells | Matrigel | Prediction of the targeted and the chemotherapeutic drugs | Hu et al., 2021 | |
| hPSCs | ULA plate & Matrigel | Modelling of SARS-CoV-2 infection on lung | Han et al., 2021 | |
| hPSCs | Matrigel | Modeling fibrotic alveolar transitional cells | Ptasinski et al., 2023 | |
| Intestine | mASCs | Matrigel | Building crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche | Sato et al., 2009 |
| hiPSCs | Matrigel | Modelling of human intestine development | Spence et al., 2011 | |
| hiPSCs | Matrigel | Modelling of congenital loss of intestinal enter-oe ndocrine cells | Fordham et al., 2013 | |
| hPSCs | Hydrogel | Repairing of intestinal injury | Cruz-Acuña et al., 2017 | |
| Patient intestinal cells | Matrigel | Testing of anti-inflammatory drugs | d’Aldebert et al., 2020 | |
| Patient intestinal cells | Matrigel | Drug screening for intestinal diseases | Cho et al., 2021 | |
| hPSCs | ULA plate & Matrigel | Modelling of SARS-CoV-2 infection on colon | Han et al., 2021 | |
| Patient intestinal cells | Matrigel | Modelling of Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome | Poplaski et al., 2023 | |
| Brain | mESCs | ULA plate | Modelling of the development of polarized cortical tissue | Eiraku et al., 2008 |
| hPSCs | ULA plate | Modeling of microcephaly | Lancaster et al., 2013 | |
| hPSCs | ULA plate | Modelling of neural development and disease progressing | Birey et al., 2017 | |
| Patient glioblastoma cells | ULA plate | Modelling of glioblastomas | Jacob et al., 2020b | |
| hPSCs | ULA plate | Modelling of SARS-CoV-2 infection on brain | Jacob et al., 2020a | |
| hiPSCs | Matrigel | Modelling of brain development | Gabriel et al., 2021 | |
| hiPSCs | Matrigel in a perfusion plate | Assessment of developmental neurotoxicity | Acharya et al., 2024 | |
| hiPSCs | Matrigel | Modeling of HIV-1 infection and NeuroHIV | Donadoni et al., 2024 | |
| Retina | hESCs | ULA plate & Matrigel | Modelling of optic cups and layered stratified neural retina development | Nakano et al., 2012 |
| hiPSCs | Geltrex | Modelling of retinal development | Xie et al., 2020 | |
| hESCs | ULA plate | Modelling of retinal development | Savoj et al., 2022 | |
| hiPSCs | ULA plate | Modelling of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology | James et al., 2024 | |
| Skin | mPSCs | ULA plate | Modelling of skin diseases and revealing of hair follicle induction, hair growth | Lee et al., 2018 |
| hPSCs | ULA plate | Modelling of the cellular dynamics of developing human skin | Lee et al., 2020a | |
| hiPSCs | Matrigel | Testing of skin-related drugs | Ebner-Peking et al., 2021 | |
| Mouse epidermal cells | ULA plate | Modelling of self-organization into tissue patterns of stem cells in organoids | Lei et al., 2023 | |
| hiPSCs | ULA plate | Modelling of human skin development, disease and reconstructive surgeries | Shafiee et al., 2023 | |
| Kidney | Embryonic kidney cells | Cell pellet | Modelling of organotypic renal structures by self-organization | Unbekandt & Davies, 2010 |
| mESCs & hiPSCs | ULA plate | Modelling of kidney organogenesis | Taguchi et al., 2014 | |
| hiPSCs | Matrigel | Screening of nephrotoxicity | Takasato et al., 2015 | |
| Human kidney tubular epithelial cells | Matrigel & BME | Modelling of infectious, malignant and hereditary kidney diseases | Schutgens et al., 2019 | |
| Patient renal cells | Matrigel | Modelling of renal cancer | Grassi et al., 2019 | |
| hESCs | ULA plate | Modelling of flow-enhanced vascularization | Homan et al., 2019 | |
| Mouse ureteric bud progenitors | Matrigel | Modelling of congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract | Zeng et al., 2021 | |
| hiPSCs | Matrigel | Modeling of Fabry disease nephropathy | Cui et al., 2023 | |
| hiPSCs | Matrigel | Modeling of FAN1-deficient kidney disease | Lim et al., 2023 | |
| Bone | hPDCs | Agarose microwell | Rescue tibia defects of mice | Nilsson Hall et al., 2020 |
| hPSCs | Matrigel | Bone healing | Tam et al., 2021 | |
| PHOs | Matrigel | Modelling of skeletal development | Abraham et al., 2022 | |
| Human cartilage and bone tissues | Matrigel | Modeling of tissue development and disease | Abraham et al., 2022 | |
| BMSCs | Hydrogel | Rapid bone defect regeneration and recovery | Xie et al., 2022 | |
| Heart | hPSCs | Matrigel | Two pro-proliferative small molecules without detrimental impacts | Mills et al., 2019 |
| mESCs | Matrigel | Modelling of carcinogenesis | Lee et al., 2020b | |
| hESCs | ULA plate & Matrigel | Modelling of the development of early heart and foregut | Drakhlis et al., 2021 | |
| hPSCs | ULA plate | Modeling of cardiac development and congenital heart disease | Lewis-Israeli et al., 2021 | |
| hiPSCs | ULA dish & Matrigel | Recapitulate morphological/functional aspects of the heart | Lee et al., 2022 | |
| hPSCs | ULA plate | Modeling of syntheticheart development and cardiac disease | Volmert et al., 2023 |
Notes.
- BME
- basement membrane extract
- D
- dimensional
- ESC
- embryonic stem cell
- h
- human
- iPSC
- induced pluripotent stem cell
- m
- mouse
- NA
- not available
- PHCs
- primary human cholangiocytes
- NPCs
- non-parenchymal cells
- PHHs
- primary human hepatocytes
- PHOs
- primary human osteocytes
- PMHs
- primary mouse hepatocytes
- PSCs
- pluripotent stem cells (iPSC & ESC)
- ASCs
- adult stem cells
- ULA
- ultra-low attachment