Figure 11.

Caspase-3 enzyme activation and chromosomal condensation of Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites in two distinct mammalian cell lines. (a) and (b) Caspase-3 enzyme activity in NRK52E and HepG2 cells exposed to Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites for 48 h. (c) Fluorescent microscopy images of chromosomal condensation by DAPI staining NRK52E and HepG2 cells after exposure to 100 µg/mL of Bi₂O₃/RGO nanocomposites for 48 h. Quantitative data is represented as the mean±SD of three separate experiments (n=3). *Significantly different as compared to the control (p<0.05). White arrows indicate the condensation of chromosomes.