Table 1. Characteristics of the three cases.

CT: computed tomography; CS: colonoscopy; ICG: indocyanine green; CV: cecal volvulus; MCTD: mixed connective tissue disease; IP: interstitial pneumonia; TAA: thoracic aortic aneurysm; HF: heart failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease.

Case	Age	Sex	Major backgrounds	Preoperative CT	Whirl sign	Preoperative CS	Preoperative diagnosis	Rotation	ICG	CV type	Procedure
1	70s	Female	MCTD, IP, TAA	(+)	(+)	(−)	Cecal volvulus	270°	(+)	Ⅱ	Partial colectomy + cecopexy
2	50s	Female	Depression	(+)	(+)	(−)	Cecal volvulus	270°	(−)	Ⅱ	Ileocecal resection
3	70s	Male	HF, CKD, bedridden	(+)	(+)	(+)	Cecal volvulus	360°	(−)	Ⅱ	Ileocecal resection