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. 2024 Nov 30;10(1):60. doi: 10.1038/s41514-024-00187-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a UMAP plot of murine retina samples collected from 3-, 12-, and 24-month-old mice representing an ageing series. Cells detected include neurons such as Rods, Cones, Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs), Bipolar cells (BCs), Amacrine Cells (ACs), Horizontal cells (HCs), glia including Mueller Glia (MG), Astrocytes (Asc) and Microglia (Mic), Endothelial cell, Pericytes (ECs & Pericytes) and retinal blood cells (Ret blood). b Density plot showing the cell type distribution of SenMayo gene panel enrichment scores obtained using the escape package. Mic cells score the highest. c UMAP highlighting the SenMayo-hi cells, which correspond to Mac, Mic, Asc and Endothelial cells. d Percentage of SenMayo-hi cells per cell type. e SenMayo-hi cells also score high for GenAge and CellAge. Inset- Violin plot shows the upregulation of Tgfb2 gene expression in SenMayo-hi cells in the mouse retina. f Chord diagram representing ligand-receptor (L-R) signalling pathways in the mouse retina, that includes signalling both from and to the SenMayo-hi cells. These cells mainly interact with themselves, suggesting a strong signalling network within this category.