Table 2. Description of High-Cost Clusters and Subgroups .

Subgroups	Clusters	Distinguishing Factor	Category
Chronic disease 42.49%	Mixed chronic disease 29.78%	Diabetes, complicated	Comorbidity
		Angina pectoris	ADRG
		Diabetes	ADRG
		Peptic ulcer disease excluding bleeding	Comorbidity
		Cerebral ischemic disease	ADRG
	Heart failure and COPD 4.43%	Heart failure, shock	ADRG
		Congestive heart failure	Comorbidity
		Chronic obstructive airway disease	ADRG
	Hyperlipidemia and hypertension 2.00%	Hyperlipidemia	ADRG
		Hypertension	ADRG
		Sequela of cerebrovascular disease	ADRG
	Cerebrovascular disease with headache 1.72%	Headache	ADRG
		Intracranial haemorrhage	ADRG
		Cerebral ischemic disease	ADRG
	Rehabilitation of cerebrovascular diseases 1.70%	Intracranial haemorrhage	ADRG
		Other rehabilitation treatment	ADRG
		Rehabilitation	Department
	Circulatory system disorders with chest pain 1.63%	Chest pain	ADRG
		Other circulatory system disorders	ADRG
		Coronary atherosclerosis/thrombus/occlusion	ADRG
	Cardiac arrhythmias and CHD 1.23%	Cardiac arrhythmias	Comorbidity
		Arrhythmia and conduction disorder	ADRG
		Coronary atherosclerosis/thrombus/occlusion	ADRG
Non-trauma diseases which need surgery 13.47%	Urinary calculi 3.56%	Urinary calculi, obstruction, and urethral stricture	ADRG
		Other diseases of kidney and urinary system	ADRG
		Surgery	Department
	Digestive system diseases which need surgery (Such as appendicitis, haemorrhoids, polyps, and hernias) 2.53%	Other digestive system diagnosis	ADRG
		Surgery	Department
		Obstruction of digestive tract or abdominal pain	ADRG
	Gallstone and cholecystitis 1.94%	Other diseases of biliary tract	ADRG
		Acute biliary tract disease	ADRG
		Surgery	Department
	Disease of male reproductive system (eg, prostate hyperplasia) 1.70%	Other male reproductive system disorders	ADRG
		Renal and urinary tract infection	ADRG
		Surgery	Department
	Venous diseases which need surgery (varicosity) 1.39%	Venous disease	ADRG
		Surgery	Department
		Major skin disorders	ADRG
	Thyroid disorders 1.36%	Endocrine disorders	ADRG
		Oncology	Department
		Surgery	Department
	Non-malignant hyperplasia of head, neck, ear, nose, pharynx, or mouth 0.99%	Head, neck, ear, nose, pharynx and mouth are non-malignant proliferative	ADRG
		Ophthalmology, ENT, stomatology	Department
		Oral and dental related diseases	ADRG
Female disease 4.54%	Disease of female reproductive system (eg, myoma of uterus) 2.98%	Gynaecology	Department
		Female reproductive infection	ADRG
		Other diseases of female reproductive system	ADRG
	Benign breast lesions (breast lumps/abscesses) 1.56%	Benign breast lesions	ADRG
		Gynaecology	Department
		Female reproductive infection	ADRG
Cancer 4.18%	Digestive system tumour 2.50%	Digestive system malignant tumour	ADRG
		Solid tumour without metastasis	Comorbidity
		Radiotherapy for malignant proliferative diseases	ADRG
	Respiratory system tumour 1.68%	Respiratory system tumour	ADRG
		Solid tumour without metastasis	Comorbidity
		Radiotherapy for malignant proliferative diseases	ADRG
Eye disease 3.80%	Cataract 2.02%	Cataract of various types	ADRG
		Ophthalmology, ENT, stomatology	Department
		Diabetes, complicated	Comorbidity
	Other eye diseases (such as retinal disorders) 1.77%	Other eye diseases	ADRG
		Ophthalmology, ENT, stomatology	Department
		Cataract of various types	ADRG
Respiratory infection/inflammation 3.58%	Respiratory infection/inflammation with fever 2.08%	Fever with unknown cause	ADRG
		Respiratory infection/inflammation	ADRG
		Upper respiratory tract infection and tympanitis	ADRG
	Child respiratory infection/inflammation (pneumonia) 1.50%	Paediatrics	Department
		Upper respiratory tract infection and tympanitis	ADRG
		Respiratory infection/inflammation	ADRG
Skin disease 2.57%	Inflammatory dermatosis 1.37%	Inflammatory dermatosis	ADRG
		Asthma and asthmatic bronchitis	ADRG
		Other digestive system diagnosis	ADRG
	Major skin disorders (such as herpes zoster) 1.20%	Major skin disorders	ADRG
		Other bones, muscles, tendons, connective tissue	ADRG
		Ophthalmology, ENT, stomatology	Department
Fracture 1.99%	Fracture 1.99%	Injury except forearm, wrist, hand and foot	ADRG
		Orthopedics	Department
		Other bones, muscles, tendons, connective tissue	ADRG
Liver disease 1.89%	Liver disease 1.89%	Liver disease	Comorbidity
		Solid tumour without metastasis	Comorbidity
		Radiotherapy for malignant proliferative diseases	ADRG
Vertigo syndrome, fever, and cerebral infarction 1.42%	Vertigo syndrome, fever, and cerebral infarction 1.42%	Imbalance and hearing disorders	ADRG
		Fever with unknown cause	ADRG
		Cerebral ischemic disease	ADRG
Mental disease 1.31%	Mental disease 1.31%	Schizophrenia	ADRG
		Psychoses	Comorbidity
		Depression	Comorbidity
Arthritis 1.25%	Arthritis 1.25%	Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases	Comorbidity
		Osteopathy and other joint diseases	ADRG
		Orthopedics	Department
Renal failure 1.21%	Renal failure 1.21%	Renal insufficiency	ADRG
		Renal failure	Comorbidity
		Renal and urinary tract infection
Other neurological disorders 0.99%	Other neurological disorders 0.99%	Other neurological disorders	Comorbidity
		Other rehabilitation treatment	ADRG
		Other neurological disorders	ADRG

Abbreviations: ADRG, adjacent diagnosis-related group; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; ENT, ear, nose, and throat.