TABLE 2.

Ultraviolet radiation filters. ⁴ , ²³ , ²⁴ , ²⁵ , ²⁶ , ²⁷

		Filter	INCI/other names	First available	Approved by	Main concerns
Organic	UVA	Meradimate	Menthyl anthranilate	1970	FDA
		Oxybenzone	Benzophenone‐3	1978	EU, FDA. Banned in Hawaii	Photocarcinogenic, hormone disruption, free‐radical formation, absorbed by skin and breast milk detection
		Avobenzone	Butyl methoxy‐dibenzoyl‐methane	1988	EU, FDA	Photounstable, allergic contact dermatitis
		Ecamsule	Mexoryl XL, drometrizole trisiloxane	1997	EU
			Mexoryl SX, terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid	2006	EU, NDA
		Neo Heliopan AP	Bisdisulizole disodium, disodium phenyl dibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate	2000	EU	Allergic contact dermatitis
		Uvinul A Plus	Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate	2005	EU
		Mexoryl 400	Methoxypropylamino cyclohexenylidene ethoxyethylcyanoacetate	2020	EU	Absorbed by skin
		Piperazine	Bis‐(diethylaminohydroxybenzoyl benzoyl) piperazine	2021	EU
	UVB	PABA	Para‐aminobenzoic acid	1949	Rated category II (not GRASE) by FDA	Allergic contact dermatitis, can increase the risk of cellular UVR damage and stains clothing
		Cinoxate	2‐Ethoxyethyl p‐methoxycinnamate	1961	FDA	Allergic contact dermatitis
		Octisalate	Ethylhexyl salicylate, octyl salicylate	1978	EU, FDA	Photounstable
		Homosalate	Homomethyl salicylate	1978	EU, FDA	Photounstable, absorbed by skin, hormonal disruption and breast milk detection
		Padimate O	Ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA, OD‐PABA	1988	EU, FDA	May indirectly cause DNA damage
		Uvinul N539	Octocrylene	1991	EU, FDA	Absorbed by skin, breast milk detection and free‐radical formation
		Octinoxate	Ethylhexylmethoxycinnamate, octyl methoxy‐cinnamate	1991	EU, FDA. Banned in Hawaii	Coral reef toxic, absorbed by skin, photounstable, hormonal disruption and breast milk detection
		Octyl triazone	Ethylhexyl triazone	1997	EU
		Uvinul P25	Ethoxylated ethyl‐4‐aminobenzoate	1997	EU
		Uvinul T150	Ethylhexyl triazone, octyl triazone	1997	EU
		Amiloxate	Isoamyl p‐Methoxycinnamate	1997	EU
		Enzacamene	4‐Methylbenzylidene Camphor	1998	EU	Oestrogenic effects
		Mexoryl SL	Benzylidene camphor sulfonic acid	1998	EU	Absorbed by skin
		Trolamine salicylate	Triethanolamine salicylate	1999	FDA category II (not GRASE)	Absorbed by skin
		Parsol SLX	Polysilicone‐15, dimethicone diethyl benzylmalonate	1999	EU
		Ensulizole	Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid	1999	EU, FDA
		Sulisobenzone sodium	Benzophenone‐5	1999	EU
		Mexoryl SO	Camphor benzalkonium methosulfate	2006	EU	Absorbed by skin
		Univul 400	Benzophenone‐1			Linked to breast, ovarian and prostate cancer, crosses blood‐placental barrier and hormonal disruption
	Broad‐spectrum	Sulisobenzone	Benzophenone‐4	1964	FDA	Absorbed by skin
		Dioxybenzone	Benzophenone‐8	1966	FDA
		Iscotrizinol	Uvasorb HEB, diethylhexyl butamido triazone	1998	EU
		Bisoctrizole	Tinosorb M, methylene bis‐benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutyl‐phenol	2000	EU	Photounstable
		Bemotrizinol	Tinosorb S, bis‐ethyl‐hexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine	2000	EU
		Tinosorb A2B	Tris‐biphenyl triazine	2014	EU
		TriAsorB	Phenylene bis‐diphenyltriazine	2019	EU
Inorganic	UVB and shorter UVA wavelengths (320–340 nm)	Titanium dioxide	Ti02	1990	EU, FDA	White cast, can cause skin breakouts
	Broad‐spectrum	Zinc oxide	ZnO	1990	EU, FDA	White cast

Abbreviations: EU, European Union; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; GRASE, Generally Recognized as Safe and Effective; INCI, International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient; NDA, FDA's New Drug Application; UVR, ultraviolet radiation.