Table 1.
Logistic regression analysis of the factors associated with expectation of antibiotics amongst pet owners of dogs and/or cats who attended veterinary clinics for non-routine visit (N = 821).
| Variables | Overall (N = 821) |
Expected antibiotics (N = 226) |
Did not expect antibiotics (N = 595) |
Univariable model | Multivariable model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) | p value* | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p value* | ||||
| Age in years, mean (SD)a | 41.1 (12.5) | 39.3 (12.9) | 41.7 (12.2) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.013 | – | |
| Gender, N(%) | |||||||
| Male | 298 (36.3) | 74 (32.7) | 224 (37.7) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 523 (63.7) | 152 (67.3) | 371 (62.4) | 1.24 (0.9–1.71) | 0.192 | 1.21 (0.85–1.72) | 0.286 |
| Ethnic group, N(%) | |||||||
| Chinese | 597 (72.7) | 150 (66.4) | 447 (75.1) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Non-Chinese | 224 (27.3) | 76 (33.6) | 148 (24.9) | 1.53 (1.10–2.13) | 0.012 | 1.66 (1.15–2.40) | 0.007 |
| Education, N(%) | |||||||
| Lower educated (Post-secondary & below) | 113 (13.8) | 41 (18.1) | 72 (12.1) | 1.61 (1.06–2.45) | 0.026 | 1.71 (1.10–2.67) | 0.017 |
| Higher educated (Diploma & above) | 708 (86.2) | 185 (81.9) | 523 (87.9) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Marital status, N(%) | |||||||
| Yes | 463 (56.4) | 110 (48.7) | 353 (59.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 358 (43.6) | 116 (51.3) | 242 (40.7) | 1.54 (1.13–2.09) | 0.006 | 1.61 (1.16–2.22) | 0.004 |
| Own dogs, N(%) | |||||||
| Yes | 561 (68.3) | 158 (69.9) | 403 (67.7) | 1.11 (0.79–1.54) | 0.827 | 1.25 (0.86–1.82) | 0.241 |
| No | 260 (31.7) | 68 (30.1) | 192 (32.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Ownership duration, N(%) | |||||||
| <10 years | 413 (50.3) | 117 (51.8) | 296 (49.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
| ≥10 years | 408 (49.7) | 109 (48.2) | 299 (50.3) | 0.92 (0.68–1.25) | 0.605 | 0.83 (0.60–1.15) | 0.259 |
| Knowledge of antibiotic use for petsb, N(%) | |||||||
| Not Poor | 435 (53.0) | 101 (44.7) | 334 (56.1) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Poor | 386 (47.0) | 125 (55.3) | 261 (43.9) | 1.58 (1.16–2.16) | 0.003 | 1.69 (1.21–2.35) | 0.002 |
| Knowledge of AMR for pets, N (%) | |||||||
| Not Poor | 251 (30.6) | 78 (34.5) | 173 (29.1) | Reference | - | ||
| Poor | 570 (69.4) | 148 (65.5) | 422 (70.1) | 0.78 (0.56–1.08) | 0.131 | ||
| Prior antibiotic use, N(%) | |||||||
| Yes | 675 (82.2) | 212 (93.8) | 463 (77.8) | 4.32 (2.43–7.67) | <0.001 | 5.18 (2.85–9.42) | <0.001 |
| No | 146 (17.8) | 14 (6.2) | 132 (22.2) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Received antibiotics, N(%) | 383 (46.7) | 193 (85.4) | 190 (31.9) | – | – | ||
CI, Confidence Interval; OR, Odds Ratio. * Bolded values indicate statistical significance of p < 0.05.
a
Age excluded in multivariable model due to high Variance Inflation Factor.
b
Definition of Knowledge of antibiotic use (only stop antibiotics when completed entire course of antibiotics as directed, not to use antibiotics given to another pet and not to buy/request for previously-used antibiotics).