Table 4.
Analyses of associations between demographic, physical and behavioral factors and mean mental health scale scores (n = 224).
| Factors | Number | Mean Mental health score | SD | Crude Mean diff. | 95 % CI | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 224 | 5.95 | 7.55 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Sex | 0.111 | ||||||
| Male | 65 | 4.69 | 6.45 | Ref | |||
| Female | 159 | 6.47 | 7.91 | 1.77 | −0.41 to 3.95 | ||
| Age (continuous) | 224 | N/A | N/A | −0.08 | −0.16 to 0.00 | 0.059 | |
| Age group | 0.127 | ||||||
| ≥ 60 years | 85 | 7.70 | 9.97 | Ref | |||
| 40 – 59 years | 116 | 6.51 | 8.11 | −1.19 | −4.57 to 2.19 | ||
| < 40 years | 23 | 4.72 | 5.69 | −2.98 | −6.46 to 0.50 | ||
| Religion | 0.002 | ||||||
| Buddhist | 82 | 4.29 | 6.04 | Ref | |||
| Christian | 65 | 5.17 | 6.02 | 0.88 | −1.53 to 3.29 | ||
| Muslim | 77 | 8.38 | 9.39 | 4.08 | 1.78 to 6.39 | ||
| Marital status | 0.263 | ||||||
| Married | 150 | 5.55 | 7.38 | Ref | |||
| Not Married | 74 | 6.76 | 7.87 | 1.20 | −0.91 to 3.31 | ||
| Educational attainment | 0.451 | ||||||
| High school/Bachelor or equivalent | 27 | 4.78 | 5.15 | Ref | |||
| Secondary | 32 | 7.72 | 9.26 | 2.94 | −0.95 to 6.83 | ||
| Primary | 77 | 6.06 | 8.41 | 1.29 | −2.04 to 4.62 | ||
| No formal education | 88 | 5.57 | 6.64 | 0.79 | −2.48 to 4.07 | ||
| Duration of years in community (continuous) | 224 | N/A | N/A | 0.06 | −0.10 to 0.21 | 0.480 | |
| Duration of years in community | 0.873 | ||||||
| < 20 years | 156 | 5.90 | 7.39 | Ref | |||
| ≥ 20 years | 68 | 6.07 | 7.94 | 0.18 | −1.99 to 2.34 | ||
| Number of household members | 0.542 | ||||||
| 1 - 3 | 47 | 5.21 | 5.56 | Ref | |||
| 4 - 6 | 112 | 5.79 | 8.40 | 0.58 | −2.01 to 3.17 | ||
| ≥ 7 | 65 | 6.75 | 7.26 | 1.54 | −1.31 to 4.39 | ||
| Position in the family | 0.604 | ||||||
| Others | 22 | 4.45 | 5.70 | Ref | |||
| Spouse | 76 | 6.28 | 7.75 | 1.82 | −1.79 to 5.43 | ||
| Head | 126 | 6.02 | 7.72 | 1.56 | −1.88 to 5.01 | ||
| Migration Status | 0.654 | ||||||
| UN | 63 | 5.52 | 7.24 | Ref | |||
| URG | 140 | 6.30 | 7.88 | 0.77 | −1.49 to 3.03 | ||
| Undocumented | 21 | 4.95 | 6.17 | −0.57 | −4.33 to 3.19 | ||
| Financial situation | <0.001 | ||||||
| Enough with or without savings | 84 | 4.56 | 6.30 | Ref | |||
| Not Enough | 77 | 4.42 | 4.90 | −0.14 | −2.38 to 2.10 | ||
| Not Enough with debt | 63 | 9.68 | 9.68 | 5.12 | 2.76 to 7.49 | ||
| Alcohol | 0.061 | ||||||
| Never | 198 | 6.29 | 7.82 | Ref | |||
| Ever | 26 | 3.35 | 4.28 | −2.95 | −6.03 to 0.14 | ||
| Tobacco Smoking | 0.319 | ||||||
| Never | 157 | 6.28 | 7.85 | Ref | |||
| Ever | 67 | 5.18 | 6.78 | −1.10 | −3.27 to 1.07 | ||
| Betel Chewing | 0.944 | ||||||
| Never | 77 | 6.00 | 8.14 | Ref | |||
| Ever | 147 | 5.93 | 7.25 | −0.07 | −2.17 to 2.02 | ||
| BMI | 0.623 | ||||||
| Normal | 74 | 6.58 | 7.83 | Ref | |||
| Underweight | 16 | 4.88 | 4.13 | −1.71 | −5.82 to 2.40 | ||
| Overweight and Obesity | 134 | 5.73 | 7.72 | −0.85 | −3.01 to 1.31 | ||
| Category of Disease | <0.001 | ||||||
| Hypertension | 143 | 4.18 | 5.28 | Ref | |||
| Diabetes | 40 | 7.98 | 8.68 | 3.79 | 1.27 to 6.32 | ||
| DM and HT | 41 | 10.14 | 10.56 | 5.96 | 3.46 to 8.47 | ||
| Medication nonadherence | 0.276 | ||||||
| Moderate (50 - 70 %) | 51 | 7.18 | 8.65 | Ref | |||
| Low (25–49 %) | 43 | 4.67 | 6.31 | −2.50 | −5.58 to 0.57 | ||
| Very low (<25 %) | 130 | 5.89 | 7.44 | −1.28 | −3.74 to 1.17 | ||
| Self-Efficacy | 0.453 | ||||||
| Low/moderate (0–17) | 25 | 4.88 | 5.75 | Ref | |||
| High (18–27) | 199 | 6.09 | 7.74 | 1.21 | −1.95 to 4.36 | ||
| Sleep Problems | <0.001 | ||||||
| Low (0–7) | 110 | 3.73 | 5.88 | Ref | |||
| Moderate (8- 15) | 91 | 5.93 | 5.63 | 2.21 | 0.37 to 4.04 | ||
| High (>15) | 23 | 16.65 | 11.49 | 12.92 | 9.96 to15.89 | ||