Table 9.
Liquid biopsy in urologic system cancers
| Cancer | Liquid biomarker | Origin | Tendency | Downstream target | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RCC | ctDNA | Plasma | up | Prognostic biomarker, Disease progression biomarker | 308 | |
| cfDNA | Plasma | up | Early diagnostic biomarker, Prognostic biomarker | 309 | ||
| TP53 mutation | Plasma | up | Prognostic biomarker | 310 | ||
| VHL, BAP1, PBRM1 mutation | Plasma | up | Prognostic biomarker | 311 | ||
| ctDNA methylation | Urine, Plasma | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 299 | ||
| miR-21-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-145-5p, miR-146a-5p | Serum | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 300 | ||
| miR-328-3p | Urine | down | Prognostic biomarker | 301 | ||
| miR-122-5p, miR-206 | Serum | up | Prognostic biomarker | 302 | ||
| miR-15a | Urine | up | Early diagnostic biomarker, Prognostic biomarker | 313 | ||
| MiR-30a-5p methylation | Urine | up | Early diagnostic biomarker, Prognostic biomarker | 303 | ||
| miR-210, miR-1233 | Serum exosome | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 315 | ||
| has-mir-149-3p, has-mir-424-3p | Plasma exosome | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 316 | ||
| has-mir-92a-1-5p | Plasma exosome | down | Early diagnostic biomarker | 316 | ||
| BLCA | CTCs | Peripheral blood | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 340 | |
| CTCs | Peripheral blood | up | Efficacy monitoring biomarker | 345 | ||
| CTCs | Peripheral blood | up | Prognostic biomarker | 341 | ||
| p16(INK4a) methylation | Serum | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 324 | ||
| APC, GSTP1, TIG1 methylation | Serum | up | Prognostic biomarker | 325 | ||
| p14ARF methylation | Plasma | up | Tumor recurrence biomarker | 326 | ||
| CDH13 methylation | Serum | up | Prognostic biomarker | 327 | ||
| ctDNA VAF | Plasma | up | Efficacy monitoring biomarker | 348 | ||
| ctDNA VAF | Plasma | up | Disease progression biomarker | 349 | ||
| ctDNA | Plasma | up | Efficacy monitoring biomarker, Tumor recurrence biomarker | 350 | ||
| miR-19a | Plasma | up | PTEN | Early diagnostic biomarker | 328 | |
| miR-200b | Plasma | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 329 | ||
| miR-92, miR-33 | Plasma | down | Early diagnostic biomarker | 329 | ||
| miR-663b | Plasma exosome | up | Ets2 deterrence factor | Early diagnostic biomarker | 333 | |
| BLCA-4 | Urine | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 334 | ||
| MCM5 | Urine | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 335 | ||
| WT | miR-124-3p/miR-9-3p/miR-218-5p/miR-490-5p/miR-1538 | Serum | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 549 | |
| TP53 mutation | Plasma, Serum, Urine | up | Tumor recurrence biomarker | 358 | ||
| ctDNA | Serum | up | Early diagnostic biomarker, Prognostic biomarker | 359 | ||
| Hyaluronidase | Urine | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 361 | ||
| Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) | Urine | up | Early diagnostic biomarker, Prognostic biomarker | 362 | ||
| UC | cfDNA | Plasma | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 364 | |
| ctDNA mutation | Plasma | up | Efficacy monitoring biomarker | 365 | ||
| ctDNA methylation | Urine | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 367 | ||
| TERT mutation, ONECUT2 methylation | Urine | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 371 | ||
| miR-1343-5p, miR-6087 | Serum | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 372 | ||
| miR-141 | Serum | up | Early diagnostic biomarker | 373 | ||
| miR-151b | Serum | up | Prognostic biomarker | 374 |