Table 3.

Estimated causal effect of childhood disadvantage on adolescent BMI and overweight/obesity adjusted for potential confounders.

Outcome:	Overweight or Obesity at 14–15 years				Body Mass Index at 14–15 years
Exposure to neighbourhood disadvantage (SEIFA, IRSD) at:	Early Childhood ages 2–3		Late Childhood ages 12–13		Early Childhood ages 2–3		Late Childhood ages 12–13
	RR (95% CI)	p	RR (95% CI)	p	MD (95% CI)	p	MD (95% CI)	p
High Polygenic Risk Score (PRS)
Compared to living in disadvantage
Living in average disadvantage	1.02 (0.75, 1.38)	0.90	0.89 (0.61, 1.30)	0.54	−0.00 (−0.05, 0.05)	0.89	−0.03 (−0.08, 0.02)	0.28
Living in least disadvantage	0.68 (0.50, 0.92)	0.01	0.78 (0.54, 1.12)	0.17	−0.02 (−0.06, 0.02)	0.39	−0.05 (−0.09, −0.01)	0.03
Low Polygenic Risk Score (PRS)
Compared to living in disadvantage
Living in average disadvantage	1.09 (0.64, 1.86)	0.75	1.21 (0.71, 2.05)	0.49	0.01 (−0.03, 0.05)	0.65	0.01 (−0.04, 0.06)	0.63
Living in least disadvantage	0.93 (0.55, 1.59)	0.79	1.34 (0.74, 2.41)	0.33	−0.01 (−0.04, 0.03)	0.67	0.01 (−0.03, 0.05)	0.63

Exposure to family disadvantage (SEP) at:	Early Childhood ages 2–3		Late Childhood ages 12–13		Early Childhood ages 2–3		Late Childhood ages 12–13
	RR (95% CI)	p	RR (95% CI)	p	MD (95% CI)	p	MD (95% CI)	p
High Polygenic Risk Score (PRS)
Compared to living in disadvantage
Living in average disadvantage	0.88 (0.61, 1.26)	0.48	0.70 (0.46, 1.08)	0.11	−0.04 (−0.09, 0.01)	0.15	−0.03 (−0.08, 0.01)	0.16
Living in least disadvantage	0.58 (0.42, 0.79)	0.001	0.63 (0.45, 0.87)	0.01	−0.06 (−0.10, −0.02)	0.01	−0.04 (−0.09, −0.00)	0.03
Low Polygenic Risk Score (PRS)
Compared to living in disadvantage
Living in average disadvantage	0.92 (0.51, 1.67)	0.79	1.15 (0.60, 2.19)	0.68	−0.02 (−0.06, 0.02)	0.39	−0.01 (−0.05, 0.04)	0.76
Living in least disadvantage	0.83 (0.49, 1.43)	0.50	0.87 (0.54, 1.41)	0.58	−0.03 (−0.06, 0.01)	0.17	−0.03 (−0.07, 0.01)	0.13

SEIFA-specific intervention models adjusted for sex, age, genetic principal components, genetic collection/sample type, and confounders measured 2 years prior to the exposure: family-level disadvantage (SEP: parent income, occupation, education), family household conflict, parental mental health.

SEP-specific intervention models adjusted for sex, age, genetic principal components, genetic collection/sample type, and confounders measured 2 years prior to the exposure: neighbourhood-level disadvantage (SEIFA, IRSD), family household conflict, parental mental health.

High polygenic risk defined at median split. Survey weighting applied to all analysis. RR: risk ratio; MD: mean difference; SEIFA: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas; IRSD: Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage; SEP: socioeconomic position; CI: confidence interval.

Disadvantage: Quintile 1–2; Average Disadvantage: Quintile 3; Least Disadvantage: Quintile 4–5.