Table 1.
Comparison of Baseline Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants, by Metabolic Syndrome Status
| Variable | Total, N = 1984a | Metabolic Syndrome, n = 1070 (53.9%) | No Metabolic Syndrome, n = 914 (46.1%) | Effect Size | Pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 63.4 ± 11.3 | 63.2 ± 10.7 | 63.6 ± 11.9 | 0.035 | 0.58 |
| Males, n (%) | 1486 (74.9) | 770 (72.0) | 716 (78.3) | 0.146 | 0.001 |
| White race/ethnicity, n (%) | 1624 (82.6) | 873 (82.1) | 751 (83.2) | 0.029 | 0.54 |
| Married, n (%) | 1433 (73.3) | 759 (72.1) | 674 (74.7) | 0.059 | 0.19 |
| Educational attainment, n (%) | |||||
| High school, some high school | 253 (13.1) | 158 (15.0) | 95 (10.9) | 0.122 | < 0.0001 |
| Associate’s degree, some college | 608 (31.5) | 383 (36.2) | 225 (25.8) | 0.226 | |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 360 (18.7) | 177 (16.8) | 183 (21.0) | 0.107 | |
| Post-graduate, professional degree | 606 (31.4) | 275 (26.0) | 331 (38.0) | 0.259 | |
| Other | 102 (5.3) | 64 (6.1) | 38 (4.4) | 0.076 | |
| Employment status, n (%) | |||||
| Active | 831 (41.9) | 417 (39.0) | 414 (45.3) | 0.128 | 0.0003 |
| Retired | 832 (41.9) | 472 (44.1) | 360 (39.4) | 0.095 | |
| Unemployed | 70 (3.5) | 41 (3.8) | 29 (3.2) | 0.033 | |
| Medically disabled | 116 (5.8) | 79 (7.4) | 37 (4.1) | 0.142 | |
| Unknown | 135 (6.8) | 61 (5.7) | 74 (8.1) | 0.095 | |
| Indication for referral to cardiac rehab program, n (%) | |||||
| MI | 516 (26.0) | 255 (23.8) | 261 (28.6) | 0.109 | 0.003 |
| MI/PCI | 355 (17.9) | 186 (17.4) | 169 (18.5) | 0.029 | |
| PCI/stent | 673 (33.9) | 376 (35.1) | 297 (32.5) | 0.055 | |
| CABG | 345 (17.4) | 186 (17.4) | 159 (17.4) | 0.000 | |
| Stable angina | 95 (4.8) | 67 (6.3) | 28 (3.1) | 0.152 | |
| Body composition, mean ± SD | |||||
| Weight, lbs | 195.4 ± 43.7 | 210.4 ± 42.7 | 177.9 ± 38.0 | 0.804 | < 0.0001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.8 ± 6.0 | 32.1 ± 5.8 | 27.1 ± 5.0 | 0.923 | < 0.0001 |
| Body fat percentage | 31.3 ± 9.4 | 34.8 ± 8.9 | 27.0 ± 8.1 | 0.917 | < 0.0001 |
| Metabolic syndrome components, mean ± SD | |||||
| Waist circumference, in | 40.9 ± 5.9 | 43.5 ± 5.4 | 37.8 ± 4.8 | 1.116 | < 0.0001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 42.6 ± 12.6 | 38.3 ± 9.6 | 47.9 ± 13.8 | 0.808 | < 0.0001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 127.2 ± 73.2 | 152.7 ± 82.2 | 96.6 ± 44.5 | 0.849 | < 0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 112.6 ± 36.8 | 124.3 ± 42.1 | 98.3 ± 21.6 | 0.777 | < 0.0001 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 117.2 ± 17.3 | 119.3 ± 17.3 | 114.7 ± 17.0 | 0.268 | < 0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 65.7 ± 9.9 | 66.4 ± 9.8 | 64.9 ± 10.0 | 0.152 | 0.0004 |
| Cardiometabolic risk factors, n (%) | |||||
| Type 1 diabetes | 54 (2.7) | 35 (3.3) | 19 (2.1) | 0.074 | 0.10 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 617 (31.1) | 516 (48.2) | 101 (11.1) | 0.889 | < 0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemiac | 1852 (93.4) | 1025 (95.8) | 827 (90.5) | 0.211 | < 0.0001 |
| Low HDL-Cd | 616 (31.1) | 474 (44.3) | 142 (15.5) | 0.663 | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertensione | 1434 (72.3) | 935 (87.4) | 499 (54.6) | 0.775 | < 0.0001 |
| Physical inactivityf | 310 (15.6) | 179 (16.7) | 131 (14.3) | 0.066 | 0.14 |
| Current smoking | 106 (5.6) | 63 (6.2) | 43 (5.0) | 0.052 | 0.29 |
| Obesity | 810 (40.8) | 628 (58.7) | 182 (19.9) | 0.866 | < 0.0001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Stroke | 19 (1.0) | 11 (1.0) | 8 (0.9) | 0.010 | 0.819 |
| Heart failure | 27 (1.4) | 13 (1.2) | 14 (1.5) | 0.026 | 0.565 |
| Cardiac pacemaker or ICD | 127 (6.4) | 66 (6.2) | 61 (6.7) | 0.020 | 0.647 |
| COPD | 568 (28.6) | 334 (31.2) | 234 (25.6) | 0.124 | 0.006 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 295 (14.9) | 186 (17.4) | 109 (11.9) | 0.156 | 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 453 (22.8) | 240 (22.4) | 213 (23.3) | 0.021 | 0.668 |
| Other lipids (mg/dL), mean ± SD | |||||
| Total cholesterol | 138.1 ± 36.9 | 137.9 ± 37.2 | 138.3 ± 36.6 | 0.011 | 0.55 |
| LDL-C | 70.3 ± 28.9 | 69.7 ± 29.0 | 71.1 ± 28.8 | 0.048 | 0.17 |
| Non-HDL-C | 95.5 ± 34.1 | 99.7 ± 34.6 | 90.5 ± 32.7 | 0.273 | < 0.0001 |
| Pharmacotherapy, n (%) | |||||
| Diabetes | 534 (26.9) | 463 (43.3) | 71 (7.8) | 0.892 | < 0.0001 |
| High Triglycerides | 36 (1.8) | 32 (3.0) | 4 (0.4) | 0.198 | 0.0003 |
| Low HDL-C | 33 (1.7) | 28 (2.6) | 5 (0.5) | 0.166 | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 1825 (92.0) | 1036 (96.8) | 789 (86.3) | 0.385 | < 0.0001 |
| Statin | 1827 (92.1) | 1008 (94.2) | 819 (89.6) | 0.169 | 0.0002 |
| Psychosocial health, mean ± SD | |||||
| BSI-53 global severity index | 51.7 ± 10.3 | 52.2 ± 10.6 | 51.1 ± 10.0 | 0.107 | 0.02 |
| BSI-53 depression score | 51.5 ± 9.4 | 51.8 ± 9.7 | 51.2 ± 9.0 | 0.064 | 0.64 |
| BSI-53 anxiety score | 49.5 ± 10.0 | 49.6 ± 10.2 | 49.4 ± 9.7 | 0.020 | 0.80 |
| BSI-53 hostility score | 49.6 ± 9.0 | 50.1 ± 9.1 | 49.0 ± 8.7 | 0.124 | 0.01 |
| Cardiopulmonary fitness | |||||
| Estimated METs | 8.3 ± 3.1 | 7.4 ± 2.7 | 9.4 ± 3.3 | 0.663 | < 0.0001 |
| RPE | 15.8 ± 4.4 | 15.6 ± 2.2 | 16.1 ± 6.1 | 0.109 | 0.11 |
Notes: aPercentages for some variables reflect missing observations. bFrom Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and Chi-square tests. cTotal cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dL, LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL, or treatment for elevated cholesterol. dHDL-C < 35 mg/dL for males, < 40 mg/dL for females, or treatment for low HDL. eSystolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg, or treatment for hypertension. fSelf-reported daily physical activity level of “sedentary”.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; BSI, brief symptom inventory; METs, metabolic equivalents; RPE, rating of perceived exertion.