Table 1.
Summary of characteristics of included systematic reviews of studies evaluating the effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring from 2011 to 2024
| Author Year | Meta Analysis Conducted? | Funding Sources and COI | T2D Studies included | Commercial Funding in Primary Studies | Risk of bias tool(s) used | Narrative synthesis endpoints | Meta-analysis endpoints |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gandhi 2011 [41] | Yes |
Funding not reported COIs not reported |
3 RCTs | Not reported | Investigator's own checklist | Patient QoL/Satisfaction | HbA1c (%) |
| Hoeks 2011 [35] | No |
Funding not reported No COIs |
1 RCT | Not reported | Others |
HbA1c (%) Hypo/Hyperglycemia TIR Adverse events CGM compliance Glycemic Control |
Not reported |
| Meade 2012 [73] | No |
Funding not reported COIs not reported |
3 RCTs 2 PCSs |
Not reported | No quality assessment done | Hypo/Hyperglycemia | Not reported |
| Poolsup 2013 [64] | Yes |
Funding not reported No COIs |
4 RCTs | Not reported | Maastricht—Amsterdam | HbA1c (%) | HbA1c (%) |
| Bidonde 2017 [67] | Yes |
Funding not reported COIs not reported |
1 RCT | Not reported | RoB2 | Not reported | HbA1c (%)a |
| Garcia-Lorenzo 2018 [69] | Yes |
Funded COIs not reported |
5 RCTs | Not reported | RoB2 | Not reported |
HbA1c (%) Health economics |
| Mattishent 2018 [72] | No |
Funded COIs not reported |
1 CS 1 PCS 1 RCT |
Not reported | No quality assessment done |
Hypo/Hyperglycemia Patient QoL/Satisfaction Adverse events |
Not reported |
| Park 2018 [74] | Yes |
Not funded No COIs |
3 RCSs 7 RCTs |
Not reported | RoB2,NOS |
Adverse events Physical activity Blood pressure Body weight/BMI |
HbA1c (%) |
| Dicembrini 2019 [36] | Yes |
Not funded COIs not reported |
5 RCTs | Not reported | Jadad |
Hypo/Hyperglycemia Insulin dose Patient QoL/Satisfaction |
HbA1c (%) |
| Ida 2019 [34] | Yes |
Not funded No COIs |
7 RCTs | Not reported | RoB2 | Patient QoL/Satisfaction |
HbA1c (%) Body weight/BMI Hypo/Hyperglycemia Hypo/Hyperglycemia Blood pressure |
| Janapala 2019 [70] | Yes |
Not funded No COIs |
5 RCTs | Not reported | RoB2 | HbA1c (%) | HbA1c (%) |
| Ontario 2019 [32] | No |
Funding not reported COIs not reported |
1 PCS 1 RCT |
Not reported | RoB2,ROBINS-I |
TIR HbA1c (%) Glycemic Control Hypo/Hyperglycemia Patient QoL/Satisfaction Adverse events |
Not reported |
| Pleus 2019 [75] | No |
Funded COIs present |
10 RCTs 2 PCSs |
Not reported | No quality assessment done | Adverse events | Not reported |
| Ang 2020 [28] | No |
Not funded No COIs |
2 RCTs | Not reported | No quality assessment done |
TIR Patient QoL/Satisfaction Adverse events HbA1c (%) |
Not reported |
| Asarani 2020 [33] | No |
Funded No COIs |
2 RCTs 1 PCS |
Not reported | No quality assessment done |
Patient QoL/Satisfaction Adverse events |
Not reported |
| Azhar 2020 [66] | No |
Not funded No COIs |
1 RCS 1 CS 2 PCSs |
Not reported | No quality assessment done |
Patient QoL/Satisfaction Care provider QoL/Satisfaction HbA1c (%) |
Not reported |
| Castellana 2020 [68] | Yes |
Funding not reported COIs present |
2 RCTs | 4 | RoB2,NHLBI | Patient QoL/Satisfaction |
HbA1c (%) TIR, TBR, TAR Hypoglycemia Insulin dose SMBG readings |
| Cowart 2020 [29] | No |
Not funded No COIs |
3 RCTs | 6; 2 unknown | RoB2 |
HbA1c (%) Hypo/Hyperglycemia TIR Patient QoL/Satisfaction |
Not reported |
| Evans 2020 [30] | Yes |
Funded COIs present |
2 RCTs | Not reported | No quality assessment done | Not reported | HbA1c (%) |
| Maiorino 2020 [27] | Yes |
Funding not reported COIs present |
2 RCTs | 13 | RoB2 | Not reported |
HbA1c (%) TIR Hypo/Hyperglycemia |
| Aggarwal 2022 [65] | No |
Not funded No COIs |
5 RCTs 1 RCS |
Not reported | Jadad,NOS |
HbA1c (%) TIR Health economics |
Not reported |
| Gao 2022 [31] | Yes |
Funded No COIs |
10 RCTs | Not reported | RoB2 | Not reported | HbA1c (%) |
| DiMolfetta 2023 [26] | Yes |
Funded COIs present |
2 NRCTs 4 RCSs 7 RCTs |
13 | RoB2,NHLBI | Not reported |
HbA1c (%) TIR Hypo/Hyperglycemia |
| Kieu 2023 [71] | No |
Not funded No COIs |
1 NRCT 1 PCS 3 RCTs |
6 | NHLBI,NHLBI |
HbA1c (%) TIR |
Not reported |
| Roldan 2023 [76] | Yes |
Funded No COIs |
6 RCTs | Not reported | No quality assessment done | Not reported |
HbA1c (%) Hypo/Hyperglycemia |
| Seidu 2023 [39] | Yes |
Funded COIs present |
26 RCTs | Not reported | RoB2 | Not reported |
HbA1c (%) TIR Hypo/Hyperglycemia Glycemic control Patient QoL/Satisfaction Body weight/BMI Blood pressure Lipids Adverse events Lifestyle habits |
| Uhl 2023 [40] | Yes |
Not funded COIs not reported |
14 RCTs | 10 | RoB2 | Not reporteed |
HbA1c (%) TIR Hypo/Hyperglycemia |
| Ferreira 2024 [38] | Yes |
Not funded No COIs |
6 RCTs | Not reported | RoB2 | HbA1c (%) |
HbA1c (%) TIR Hypo/Hyperglycemia Glycemic Control Patient QoL/Satisfaction |
| Jancev 2024 [77] | Yes |
Not funded No COIs |
12 RCTs | Not reported | RoB2 | Not reporteed |
HbA1c (%) TIR Hypo/Hyperglycemia Glycemic Control Adverse events |
| Kong 2024 [42] | Yes |
Not funded No COIs |
17 RCTs | 16 | JBI—RCT | Not reporteed |
HbA1c (%) TIR Hypo/Hyperglycemia Patient QoL/Satisfaction Body weight/BMI Blood pressure Lipids |
| Lu 2024 [37] | Yes |
Funded No COIs |
11 RCTs | Not reported | RoB2 | Not reported |
HbA1c (%) TIR Hypo/Hyperglycemia |
aBidonde 2017 included only 1 RCT in meta-analysis of CGM efficacy outcomes, thus findings may not be reliable
COI Conflict of interest, JBI Joanna-Briggs Institute, NHLBI National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NOS Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, PCS prospective cohort study, RCS Retrospective cohort study, RoB2 Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool 2, ROBINS-I Risk-Of-Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Intervention