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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 2.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Ecol Evol. 2023 Mar 20;7(4):557–569. doi: 10.1038/s41559-023-02001-3

Figure 5. JH is higher in brains of eusocial foundresses and crosses the blood-brain barrier.

Figure 5.

(A) LC-MS quantification of JH III in the brains of solitary A. pura (n=6) and eusocial A. aurata foundresses (n=4) and workers (n=7) reveal higher endogenous levels of JH III in social foundresses (Wilcoxon rank sums test, p=0.029; *asterisks indicate post-hoc, pairwise comparisons, p<0.05). (B) Isotopically-labeled JH III-d3 applied to the abdomens of A. aurata is detected in the brain as soon as 2h later and peaks at 4 hours post-treatment (n=7 for 2,8,24h; n=6 for 4h and 16h). Boxes show median, 25th and 75th percentiles. Whiskers show minimum and maximum values without outliers.