Table 4.
Summary of strategies for tissue engineering and wound healing reviewed in this article.
| Mechanism | Material | Phototriggered effect | Observed Properties and Effects | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EGF release | HA hydrogel containing azobenzene and β-CD | Photoisomerization | Dynamic controllable stiffness, enhanced wound healing and angiogenesis in vivo | [147] |
| Cells and neuroprotective protein delivery | Hydrogels synthetized via metal-directed assembly of His6-tagged proteins | Photocleavage | Injectable, self-healing hydrogel, enhanced axonal regeneration in mouse optic nerve injury model | [148] |
| Electrical stimulation | P3HT films | Photovoltaic | Enhanced proliferation and tubulogenesis of endothelial colony-forming cells | [152] |
| VEGF peptidomimetic release | Hydrogel containing a VEGF peptidomimetic with a photoremovable protecting group | Photocleavage | Spatio-temporal control of new blood vessel formation in the 3D hydrogel | [153] |
| Topography | pDR1m substrate | Photoisomerization and mass migration | Sprouts followed the direction of the generated pattern | [154] |
| Ca2+ regulators delivery | UCNPs coated with mesoporous silica shell and peptide-bearing molecular cap | Upconversion and photocleavage | Control of macrophage polarization towards pro-inflammatory or pro-healing | [157] |
| RGD presentation | Acrylate-HA hydrogel and photodegradative RGD-loaded nanocarriers | Photocleavage | Enhanced anti-inflammatory M2 polarization | [150] |
| Topography | Gold nanorod-containing shape memory polycaprolactone film | Photothermal | Induce elongation and pro-healing polarization of macrophages in vivo | [159] |
| Shape memory implant | Copolymer of PLA and anthracene-functionalized PEG | Dimerization and cleavage | Tunable stiffness and athermal shape memory effect | [165] |
| Shape memory implant | Azobenzene-containing polymer network | Photoisomerization | Athermal shape memory effect by photoswitching of glass transition temperature | [166] |
| Shape memory implant | Melanin/polyurethane Composites | Photothermal | Biocompatible and shape memory effect in vivo using NIR light | [167] |
| Shape memory implant | Piperazine-based polyurethane and black-phosphorus sheets | Photothermal | Biodegradable, biocompatible and shape memory effect in vivo using NIR light | [168] |
| Shape memory implant | Cuprorivaite nanosheets into SMP | Photothermal | Biodegradable, ions release enhances wound healing and angiogenesis in vivo | [169] |
| Tissue bonding | Methacrylated collagen combined with rose Bengal and PLL | Photocrosslinking | Improved mechanical properties and no inflammation signs in skin wound model | [173] |
| Tissue bonding | Collagen-like peptides, acrylate functionalized multi-armed PEG, rose Bengal and PLL | Photocrosslinking | Tunable mechanical properties, improved wound healing in comparison to conventional suture | [174] |
| Tissue bonding and cell delivery | Porous chitosan film with rose Bengal | Photocrosslinking | Cultured hMSCs maintained viability and multipotency | [175] |
| Adhesive bioelectronic patch | Porous chitosan functionalized with polyaniline and containing rose Bengal | Photocrosslinking | Stable mechanical and electronic properties under cyclic stretching | [177] |
| Tissue bonding | Poly(allylamine)-modified UCNPs/Hyaluronate rose Bengal conjugate complex | Upconversion and photocrosslinking | In vivo tissue bonding with higher tensile strengths than sutured tissues | [170] |